ABSTRACT
A study on
hydrogeochemistry and quality of shallow water and engineering properties of
soil around Adeta area in Ilorin was carried out based on data obtained from
the field and laboratory. Groundwater flow, descriptive, and multivariant
statistical analyses, piper, stiff and durov diagrams, as well water quality
indices were used to describe hydrochemistry and water quality suitability of
the area. Grain-size distribution, Atterberg limit and permeability indices
were used to determine the soil properties. The results showed that groundwater
flow is in NE-SW direction. The cations occur
in order of abundance of Ca>Na>K>Mg and anions are in the order of
Cl>SO4>NO3>HCO3. The hydrogeochemical trends showed that the water
type in the area is Na+K –SO4+Cl from both piper and durov diagrams. The stiff
diagram indicates three water type group; Na-Cl, Ca-CO3 and Mg-SO4. The
grain size analysis showed that sample S1 have 5.4% clay, 5.0 % Silt, 30 % Fine
sand 36.3 % Coarse sand and 20,8% Gravel with
CU of 1.33 and CC of 0.4; sample S2 has 0.1% clay, 0,7% silt, 41.2% fine sand, 48.3 % Coarse sand and
6.9 % fine gravel with CU of 5.3 and CC 2.5;
sample S3 have 1.1% clay, 0.8% silt, 40.2% fine sand, 51.5% coarse sand
and 6.5% fine gravel, with CU of 4.67 and CC 1.7.Samples S2 and S3 can be
classified as coarse SAND; samples S1 can be classified as slightly gravelly
SAND, based on USC table of soil distribution.
Therefore, based on the above classification, all the soil samples are poorly
graded. The result of the permeability shows that sample S1 have
coefficient of permeability of 7.7x10-4mm/s, S2 has 1.9x10-4mm/s,
S3 and 8.0x10-5mm/s. Sample S1, S2, and S3, have liquid limit of 30,
30 and 35 respectively and plastic values of 31.3, 28.3 and 33.3 respectively
with plasticity index of -1, 3, 1.7 and 1.7 respectively.Consistency test based on liquid limit and plastic
limit values of an average of 31.7 and 30.97 with plastic index of 1.7indicating
a medium plasticity state. The low LI and PI values are an indication of no changes
in pore fluid characteristics of soil.The shallow
water is contamination with Mn andthe soil
for the areahas poor permeability to promote migration of the Mn.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page...................................................................................
Certification........................................................................................ ii
Acknowledgment................................................................................ iii
Dedication............................................................................................ iv
Table of
contents................................................................................. v
List of
Tables...................................................................................... vi
List of
Figures...................................................................................... vii
List of Plates………………………………………………………..... viii
Abstract.............................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 General Statement
1.2 Aim and Objectives
1.3 Scope of the Study
1.4 The Study Area
1.4.1 Location and Extent of the Study Area
1.4.2 Climate and Vegetation
1.5 Water Quality and Principles of
Hydrogeochemstry
1.6 Engineering Geology of soil
1.7 Literature Review
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Geology
2.1 Geology of Nigeria
2.2 Geology of the Study Area
2.3 Hydrogeology of the Area
2.4 Hydrogeochemistry of the Area
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Methodology
3.1
Materials Use while in the Field
3.2 Desk Work
3.3
Reconnaissance Survey
3.4 Field Work
3.4.1 Hydrogeological
Mapping
3.5 Sampling
3.6
Laboratory Analysis
3.6.1 ICP-MS
and AAS
3.6.1 Grain
Size Distribution
3.6.2
Atterberg’s Consistency Limits
3.4.3 Permeability Test
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Result
and Discussions
4.1 Flow Direction
4.2
HydrogeochemistryoftheArea
4.2.1 Major Ions in Water
4.2.2.1 Statistical Distributions
4.2.2.2 Plots and Ratios
4.2.3 Heavy metals
4.2.3.1 Statistical Distribution
4.2.3.2 Water Quality Index Calculation
4.3 Geotechnical Survey Results
4.3.2 Result and Discussion of Grain Size
Analysis
4.3.3 Result and Discussion of Atterberg’s
Limit
4.3.4 Result and Discussion of Permeability
Test
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
5.1.1 Groundwater flow
5.1.2 Hydrochemistry and Water Quality
5.1.3 Engineering Properties of Soils
5.2 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL STATEMENT
Increase
in population and rapid expansion of cities has resulted to generation of huge
waste and the manner these wastes are disposed constitutes serious health and
environmental problems.Interactions between water and host rock influenced
groundwater hydrochemistry and determine its suitabilityfor most purpose. The
variations in groundwater chemistry is controlled by these major geochemical
processes, Weathering reaction, Ion exchange, dissolution, redox, etc.(Mathes, 1982; Kumar
et al., 2006), because as groundwater
flows, its chemistry will evolve, as it interacts with aquifer minerals or
internal mixing among different groundwater (Domenico, 1972).
So, hydrochemical processes help to get an insight into the contributions of
rock-water interaction and anthropogenic influences. Soil and groundwater
acidification and nitrification have been linked to waste dumps (Bacud et al.,
1994) as well as microbial contamination of soil and groundwater system
(Awomeso et al., 2010). Sia Su (2008)
attributed cancer,heart diseases and teratogenic abnormalities to groundwater
contamination via leachate from waste dumps. In Engineering geology, soil is
vital to any construction and forms a larger portion of the construction
materials and basically forms the foundation for their structure. Such geotechnical
test enable technical evaluation of the suitability of soil to support a design
structure, such geotechnical test include: gain size analysis, Atterberg
limits, permeability test, moisture content, consolidation, compaction and
mineral composition analysis etc.Ilorin, as in most cities in Nigeria lack
modern landfill facilities, all depend on open dumpsite that lack sorting and
recycling mechanisms. This poor management will create number of adverse
environmental challenges, such as pollution of underground soil bed and/or
aquifer (Albores et al.,2007;
Okoronkwo et al.,2006). In
the past, studies on groundwater exploitation, geotechnical, environmental
geology and contamination status in the part of Ilorin include, Olasehinde 1999; Sulyman, 2007,
Ige and Ogunsanwo 2009; Ojulari et al.,2014;
Owolabi et al., 2016. Ige and Ogunsanwo, 2009evaluate the effects of
leachate from open landfill in the Ita-Amo area of Ilorin, southwestern Nigeria. Proper
understanding of the properties of the soils around dumpsite will throw light
on the activities of the leachates in relation to the contamination of the
groundwater. Hence this research
work involves investigation of water chemistry of shallow aquifer and preliminary
soil investigation around Adeta in Ilorin-West Local Government Area of Kwara
State, North-Central Nigeria.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of this project is to study the impact of open waste dump on the subsurface
and the objectives are:
·
To describe Hydrogeochemistry of shallow
water
·
To investigate heavy metals concentration
in shallow water
·
To evaluate the influence of geotechnical
properties of the soils around selected wells study area.
·
To examine the effect of wasteon
underground water
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
Scope of this project is based entirely on field sampling, hydrogeological
inventory and geotechnical laboratory analyses of the soils. To achieve this
goal, soil samples were collected and some identification tests such as, grain
size analysis, Atterberg’s consistency limit, permeability test, thin section
and mineral composition test etc. were conducted.
1.4 THE STUDY AREA
1.4.1 Location and extent of the
study area
The
study area lies between the latitude 80 29'N and 80 30'N
and longitude 40 31'E and 40 33'E, covering these
settlements Adeta, in Ilorin-West Local
Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. The location is built-up area. The
area can be accessed through Adeta roundabout from Al-Hikmah University
Figure
1.1: Topographic map of the study area.
1.4.2 Climate and vegetation
The vegetation of the
area is savannah grassland with scattered trees and shrubs being at the fringe
of the middle belt of Nigeria. The prevailing climatic condition in the area is
wet (rainy) and dry seasons. The wet (rainy) season begins in early April and
ends in October while the dry season starts in November and last till March.
The mean annual rainfall is about 1200 mm with an average daily temperature of
26 ℃ (Parsons, 1970).
1.5 WATER QUALITY AND HYDROGEOCHEMSTRY
1.5.1
Water Quality
Water
quality concept is a bit complex because of the factors that influence it. The
quality of water depends on geological environment, natural movement, recovery
and utilization. The quality of water is based on chemical and physical
variables that are related to the intended use and for each variable the
standard must be well define.
According to WHO (1996), water
quality is aterm used to express the suitability of water to sustain various uses or processes. The established standard
will guide to know whether water is acceptable or unacceptable for use. The
quality of water is one of the factors controlling state of health of plants,
animals and man. If the water fails to meet the set or acceptable standards, it
must be treated before use (Cordobal et
al., 2010).
1.5.2 Factors That Affect Water
Quality
Water
is life and therefore it plays a pivotal role to our health, food security,
well-being, social and economic development of any society. Water quality is affected mostly by a wide range of natural and human influences. The most
important of the natural influences are geological, hydrological, topographical, meteorological and climatic. Human influence on water quality
arevaried in the degree, agricultural (application of pesticides, organic and
inorganic fertilizer), industrial (effluent discharge and atmospheric
pollution), forestry and mining activities. These factors significantly affect chemistry
of both surface and underground water. Contamination of water with light and heavy metals are
mainly determined by natural weathering, erosion of bed rocks and ore deposits
and anthropogenic processes (Ettler et al.,
2011; García-Lorenzo et al., 2011;
Muhammad et al., 2011; Sracek et al., 2011). These processes degrade
water quality and impair their use for drinking, domestic, agricultural and
industrial purposes (Krishna et al.,
2009).
1.5.3 Heavy metals and Sources of
Heavy Metals
Heavy metals sources are
numerous, the major ones are anthropogenic and geogenic sources. Anthropogenic sources: Heavy metals
contamination can be divided into the following groups;
(i)
Atmosphere to soil and water pathways
According
to Dinis and Fiuza (2011) atmospheric emissions are probably the most
preoccupants to human health and to environment due to either the great
quantity involved or their wide spread dispersion. Cadmium, mercury and lead
among other heavy metals have the ability to travel long distances in the
atmosphere before deposition. They travel into the atmosphere to form of
aerosol and later deposited via precipitation and sedimentation. Lin (1988)
reported how lead pollution mainly from
urban industrial copper plant, sulfuric acid plant, paint factory and large amount
of waste from mining and chemical industries evolved into the atmosphere in a
down town central Sweden. Also in Russia, Meshalkina (1996) reported how the
environment was contaminated as a result of discharge of S, V, and As from
factory Chimneys. Research conducted by Falahiardakani (1984) shows that
transport, especially automotive transport causes serious heavy metal
contamination of the atmosphere.
(ii)
Solid waste pathways
Solid
waste from mining activities and industries contaminates both water and soil
seriously. According to Wuana & Okieimen (2011) the composition and
processing of ore will determine the nature of pollutant. Large amounts of mine
tailings discharged into the environment causes ecological problems and
contaminate human water supplies. Heavy metals seep into the ground water
during mining operations, washed away by rain water and collected in the lakes
and aquifer. Contamination of this nature have been reported in different parts
of the world, in Russia (Bustueva et al., 1994), USA (Hwang et al.,1997), Mexico (Benin et al., 1999), Chile (Rivara et al., 1997), Philippines (Applleton et al., 1999) , Zibabwe (Van Straaten, 2000; Yabe et al., 2015), Tanzania (Bitala et al.,2009), India (Reza and Singh,
2010), China (Liang et al., 2011)
South Africa (Makiess et al., 2013),
Iran (Ghazban et al., 2015) Thailand
(Intamat et al., 2016).
Heavy
metals move easily due to facilitation of sunlight, raining and washing when
they are in the process of being govern and they spread to the surrounding
water and soils at the shape of funnel and radiation (Gebreyesus, 2014). The
increase in technology brings about industrial development coupled with
acceleration of urban environmental and sewage treatment, by which sludge
production will be on high. Generally, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn and As in sludge will
exceed control standard easily (Ding, 2000). Contamination of solid waste can
be expanded easily with the aid of water and wind.
(iii)
Agricultural chemical to soil and water
pathways
Long
term excessive application of fertilizer, pesticides and insecticides has
resulted to heavy metal contamination of soil and water. According to Arao et al., (2010), the vast majority of
pesticides are organic compounds, and a few inorganic compound or pure
minerals, and some pesticides contain Hg, As, Cu, Zn and other heavy metals.
(iv)
Sewage
Raw
sewage contains significant concentration of heavy metals which are not
degraded by process of sewage treatment.
Waste water from sanitary sewage, chemical waste water, and urban mining
sewage has resulted to accumulation of heavy metals in soil and water bodies.
Geogenic source
Heavy
metal concentration occurs naturally in soil and water. Geological history
always influences the mineralogy and geochemistry of soil and the presence of
geochemical heavy metals in soil have been recently acknowledged as a
significant source of soil and water contamination (Rodriguez and Reuter 2007,
Morrison et al., 2009). In water, heavy metal concentration is always
based on the type host rock but it rises to higher levels due to the release of
heavy metals from contaminated soil, leachate and sediment. Heavy metals
percolate into ground and surface water during run off and as the metallic
pollutant move through the water, reaction occur with other elements and adhere
to soil surface. For instance, aquifers polluted with arsenic have been reported
in several countries including India, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Bangladesh and
Mexico (United Nations, 2001). High levels of fluoride in groundwater are also
reported by Diaz- Barriga et al.,
(1997) in Mexico, Choubisa (2001) in India and Okunlola et al., (2016) in Nigeria.
pH
always determine mobilization of heavy metals depending on the soil types,
oxidation state of heavy metal, ion exchange capacity and physicochemical
characteristics of soil, sediment and heavy metals (Evans, 1989).
1.5.4 Behavior
and mobility of Heavy Metals
Behavior
of heavy metal is controlled by various processes including metal cation
released from contamination source materials such as mining, fertilizer,
sludge, smelter dust, and slag. Behavior of heavy metals in soil is solely
controlled by their sorption and desorption reaction with different soil
constituents especially clay component (Appel and Ma, 2002).
1.6 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF SOIL
It
involves the application of science of geology to structural designs.
Geotechnical engineering practice being quite vast, only a brief list of the
various applications is presented below
Soil
mechanics are the name indicates deals with the mechanics of soils. It as
develop as a branch of mechanics involving the application of both mechanics of
soil and mechanics of fluids to problem involving soils. Of late due attention
is being paid to the particle nature of soil medium, while studying its
behavior Soil classification is to arrange various types of soils into specific
grouos based on physical properties and engineering behavior of soils, with the
purpose of finding the suitability of soils for different engineering
applications lie construction of earth dams, highways and building foundations.
1.7 LITERATURE
REVIEW
Olasehinde,
1989 preliminary results of hydrochemical Analysis of selected sites from
Ilorin indicated no high concentrations of chemical components in most sites
tested. The study used descriptive statistics and chemical plots (Piper and
Stiff) to characterize the groundwater.
Vrbka
et al., 1999Characterized rain,
groundwater and surface water in area of Ilorin for water samples collected
from 1997 rainy seasons, surface and subsurface sources (hand pumps, and dug
wells). The piper diagram plot was used to characterize the waters. The
temperature ranges in 240C to 310C, with slightly acidic.
In the anion triangle of the plot, most plotted within the bicarbonate side and
calcium in the cation. The abundance of occurrence of cation is in the order Ca>Na>K
and CO3>Cl.
Kana
et al., 2014 studies the suitability of groundwater for domestic and other uses
in Nasarawa Town and Environs for forty (40) groundwater and Twenty (20)
surface water. Descriptive statistics, piper diagram, gibbs plot and Sodium
Absorption Ration were used to characterise the water. The water type is
Ca-(Mg)-HCO3 based on piper and schoeller diagram. Groundwater showed to be
suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Liang
et al., 2011, studied concentration
and distribution pattern of Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu, Cr, As and Cd in surface water of
Linglong gold mining area in China. Plasma mass spectrometry and AAS was used
for the analysis of these metals and the result shows that surface water is
seriously polluted by Hg, Zn and Cd and moderately polluted by Cr and As
according to China national standard for surface water quality. Concentration of these metals was found to be
decreasing along the flow direction farther away from the source of the
pollution. Elemental content in the surface water are obviously influenced by
geochemical properties and the sources of heavy metals.
ICPOES
analytical technique was used by Gunnar et
al.,(2012) for hydrogeochemical analysis of water on the contamination of
water resources in part of Tarkwa mining area in Ghana. 17 out of 40 ground
water show metal concentration exceeding WHO guideline for at least one
metal. The main contaminants are Mn, Fe,
As and Al. According to them, metal concentration in ground water seems to be
controlled by the adsorption process.
Diop
et al., (2014) also examined trace
metal in water column in Dakar coast and Saint Lois estuary from Senegal, West
Africa using ICPOES and ICPMS. Their results suggest that mobility of trace
metals in the estuary is controlled by dissolved organic carbon. The result
also indicates higher pollution of trace metals in Senegalese coast than other
coast around the world. According to them speciation of heavy metal is
influenced by dissolved organic contents in the estuary and chloride in the
coast.
Ghazban
et al., (2015) determined the
concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, Co and Zn in sediments and waters in Baychebagh
copper mine in Iran using ICPOES. Enrichment factor signified that Pb, Cu and
Cd were significantly enriched which indicates environmental contamination the
result of geoaccumulation index indicates that sediments are unpolluted with
respect to Co and Zn, Cu fall within unpolluted to moderately polluted range
while Cd and Pb is highly polluted. The sediment quality guideline shows that
Cd and Pb pose a serious risk to the environment.
Ige
and Ogunsanwo, 2009evaluate the effects of
leachate from open landfill in the Ita-Amo area of Ilorin, southwestern
Nigeria. The study determined the possibility of upgrading the site to a modern
Sanitary Landfill. Contanmination
assessment and geotechnical properties of soils obtained over the site were
investigated. Amadi et al.,2015 used geotechnical and
mineralogical approaches to study open dumpsite in Minna North Central Nigeria.
He uses his findings to proposed and design a modern sanitary landfill for the
area. The study did not consider migration pathway. Amadi et
al., (2016) consider
integrated geosciences approaches using flow system, geotechnical, geochemistry
and mineralogy of soil to carry out preliminary investigation for an open
dumpsites in Minna, Niger State
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