ABSTRACT
This
research works examines the health indices and the Nigeria's economic Growth.
In
particular, the researcher is interested in knowing the type of correlation
that exists between health indices and economic growth thereby, representing
health indices such as infant mortality rate and life expectancy at birth. The
researcher also represents the economic growth of Nigeria with Gross Domestic
Product.
A
series research made into the health sector shows that the infant mortality
increased at an increasing rate from the year 1990 to 2000 but has been
decreasing since then. This research study also reveals that there was a
continuous decrease in life expectancy from the year 2000 to 2008 .According to
this research study, these two health care indicators show that there is an
inverse relationship between GDP and health indices in Nigeria.
Finally,
this research study reveals that in order for the healthcare system to be a
major determinant of the country's GDP (Nigeria), some vital roles should be
played by the government at all levels such as financing the health care sector
adequately, health problems should be extended to health economist and not only
to the hands of health professionals and ministers, includes the training of
health economics in national policies among others.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Hypothesis of the Study
1.5 Significance of Study
1.6 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE
REVEIW
2.0
Introduction
2.1
Review of Definitional/Conceptual
Issues
2.1.1
Health and Economic Growth
2.1.2
Human Capital and Economic Development
2.1.3
Health linkages to Economic Development
2.1.4
Health and Labour Productivity
2.1.5
Various Health Challenges Prevailing in
Sub-Saharan Africa: A Brief
Evaluation
of (Tuberculosis, Malaria and HIV/AIDS)
2.1.5.2 Malaria
2.1.5.3
HIV/AIDS
2.3
Review of Methodological and Empirical
Issues
2.3.3
Conclusion
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Methodology and Data
3.2 Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Results of ADF Test
4.2 Pairwise Granger Causality Test
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In
recent decades, the Sub-Saharan Africa has attracted global attention as
international institutions have come together in order to curb or combat the
major problems facing it. From the facts above, it is clear that apart from the
fact that these problems exist in Sub-Sahara Africa they also have the lowest
response rate and this brings to play the role of institutions in the
attainment of economic development via health. In order to ensure that growth
and development takes place in an economy, economic stability and certainty
have to be guaranteed in a society in order to attract investors and this can
only be achieved in a society with good governance and political stability. It
is now the role of institutions to direct the activities and transactions carried
out by different players with respect to their economic, political and social
environment if development is to take place. As Jack and Lewis (2009) in a view
to investigate the determinants of health itself, particularly the evidence on
the impact of public expenditure point out that in general there appears “to be
growing evidence that the public policies only improve health when institutions
are of sufficiently high quality, and that good institutions themselves are
likely to have a more important direct effect on growth than growth through
health”. 20 ‘Institutions in health care are important but under studied. The
lack of sound institutions undermines health investments and leads to ambiguous
evidence relationship between health care services and health status. Accepted
indicators of health care performance such as hospital infection rates,
utilization statistics, or surgery survival rates are rarely collected even
when required, for lack of some combination of oversight, regulation, and
enforcement. This applies in middle income countries as well as poorer ones.
Indirect indicators of poor performance that are increasingly relied on in the
absence of more direct measures include provider absenteeism, lack of basic
medical supplies and drugs, poor management of purchases, leakage of funds, and
under-the-table payments by patients, all of which highlight the nature of the
performance lapses that undermine effective service delivery’ (Lewis, 2006;
Jack and Lewis, 2009). Institutions with regards to health play an important
role in achieving Economic growth as if institutions are unable to function,
public spending on health will not improve health talk more of raising Economic
growth. Therefore more attention should be paid to upgrading Health care institutions.
Health has been seen to have effects on economic development as it improves
productivity and human capital. Good health improves the ability and capacity
to learn and work while chronic illness undermines current productivity and
promises future outcomes in output. According to Spring (2005) ‘improvements in
health have both level and growth effect on per capital income. Level effects
from improved health results from increases in effective labour inputs.
Improved health contributes to this in two ways: first by increasing the supply
of labour inputs due to less time missed due to disease. Secondly by the
increase in the efficiency in labour inputs due to improvements in the quality
of labour when individuals are healthier. Growth rate occurs because a lower
incidence of disease increases (the private and social) rates of return to
human capital investments, which in turn leads to higher rates of economic
growth”. Sorkin (1977); Rico et al. (2005) shows the various channels in
developing nations through which economic development could be impacted through
health. The gains from productivity and through 21 the improvement in the hours
of work are the first way through which health could impact economic
development. Also, the development of previously unsettled regions is made
possible. Lastly, this could also be seen through the turnaround in people’s
attitude through the improvement made in innovation and entrepreneurship. Good
health plays an important role in the attainment of economic development.
Health
is the ability to perform one's roles or functions. It helps us develop what we
are capable of doing to society at large.
Inadequate
health contributed directly to redaction in productivity and loss of payment
for the individuals, with disastrous consequences for the dependent class, The
basic diagnostic point that good health is an integral part of development has
therefore come take centre stage in development thinking; this point is due to
the fact that only healthy people can earn income afford and seek medical care
for themselves as well as their families, have better nutrition and experience
more freedom to live healthier lives (Dr. Lius G. Bambo 2006).
It is
pertinent to note that to sustain our global environment and improve the
quality of living in our human settlements, we commit ourselves to sustainable
patterns of production, consumption, transportation and settlement development
pollution, prevention, respect for the carrying capacity of Ecosystem and the
preservation of opportunities for future generations (U.N conference and human
settlement ,HABIT ATII Istanbul, Turkey 1996).
In
this respect there has been a growing in thrust to analyze the relationship
between health and economic growth this notion was brought about by the world
health organization (WHO) report on health (1999). Dr. Chris Mwrska
(2005) comments of reducing poverty and achieving sustained economic growth.
From
this argument ,world health organization (WHO) urge African government and
their partner to design National development plan that could provide
opportunities for innovative reform for health and poverty reduction within
past war or crisis reconstruction and also in the emergence of new democracies
( Brundtland , 1998).
In
its renewed health for all policy the organization stressed that in addition to
developing sustainable health system all organization efforts to improve health
require making central to development by combating poverty and aligning
sectoral programme of heath(Lipson 1996,Lius et,aI1997).
As
development paradigms move from a faces on economic growth to more concern for
poverty and local ownership improvement in health, outcomes have gained
recognition in programmme of national development and civil society
participation identifies as the largest single factor in development
(Wolfenson, 1999 .world Bank 2000) .The World health organization (WHO) has
constituted a commission on macroeconomics and health (CMH) with the task of
conducting the needed analysis of how health related to macroeconomics and development
issues.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
Available
resources are not always reliable accurate, adequate credible to tackle the
priority public health problem in Nigeria .These resources are not accurate and
are inadequate to lay down value judgment about the health problems in Nigeria
demographic data such as census ,health survey examples are census other
demographic data health survey e.t.c. are unreliable.
However,
it is estimated by the united Nations that about 20%of Africa's population
reside in Nigeria and that over 50% of African investment is in its most
populous nation( Chinsmnan,1998) .In spite of substantial economic progress and
social advancement in the past thirty years ,there is still much human
suffering and setting a development agenda that meets the need of its citizenry
in a cost effective and equitable way about 48.50/0 of the Nigeria population
lives in absolute poverty (defined as earning less than S 1.00 per day ) with
about 80% of the poor residing in the rural area (UNDP 1998) .The gross
national product (GNP) has declined from S1.00 in 1980 to S260 in 1995 ,placing
Nigeria among the 20 poorest countries in the world (UNDP 1998) .The quality of
life indices recorded in 1980 was 38% in Nigeria ,the united Nation Department
programme (UNDP) and human development index (HDI) for 2000 placed in Nigeria
151 of 174 countries assessed bagging behind Cameroon .Gambia, Ghana and Zambia
without her National and human resource. Health indices are crucial part of
economy development, especially in the developing countries .Health indices
combine changes in both quality of life (QOL) and life expectancy
(LIFEPEC).Health indices such as quality of life and life expectancy, infant
mortality rate (IMR), disability adjusted life expectancy (DALE), material
mortality rate(MMR) death indicators or health indi.ces of an economy are being
provided solution to through three basic health sectors of the economy which
are :secondary health care, primary health care and tertiary health care .All
these sectors through their functions provides adequate measure to increase the
labour force of the nation and invariably the level of production in the
country . Therefore, it is necessary to appraise health indices in Nigeria as a
important factors in her economic growth process.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This focus
of this research work is to examine the type of correlation that exists between
health indices and economic growth.
Specifically,
the study intends:
To
determine how infant mortality affects economic growth.
To
determine how life expectancy affects economic growth.
1.4 HYPOTHESIS
OF THE STUDY
The research hypotheses to be tested in this
study are as follows:
H0: There is no significant relationship
between life expectancy and economic growth in Nigeria
H₁: There is a significant relationship between
life expectancy and economic growth in Nigeria.
H0: There is no significant relationship
between infant mortality and economic growth in Nigeria
H₁: There is a significant relationship between
infant mortality and economic growth in Nigeria.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
OF STUDY
The state of health in Nigeria is an issue
being addressed; yet, progress made towards substantial improvement in health
has had relatively low response. Therefore, this study is aimed at establishing
the relationahip that might possibly exist between health and economic growth in
Nigeria, it will aid policy makers in recommending the policy geared towards
increasing the likelihood of the chance of living through increased life expectancy
as well as reducing the morbidity rate through the reduction of the prevalence
of life threatening diseases as this will not only see that the role of health
on economic growth in Nigeria is actualized but will also contribute in the
direction of driving the MDGs (4, 5 & 6).
1.6 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
The following terms used during the study are
explained below:
1. Economic Growth
Economic Growth can be defined as a
quantitative sustained increase in the per capita output or income of a country
supplemented by an increase in labour force and capital.
2. Health
Health for the purpose of this study refers to
a complete state of an individual’s wellbeing taking into consideration both
the mortality and the morbidity aspect.
3. Life Expectancy
Life expectancy in this study captures the
mortality aspect of health and it refers to the average length or number of
years a newborn is expected to live given the prevailing mortality rate.
4. Morbidity
Morbidity can be defined as the presence or
frequency of illness in an individual’s life time, that is it accounts for the
quality of one’s life.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment