ABSTRACT
The microbiological and organic
pollutants characteristics of umuosoko stream in ikwuano local government area,
Enugu state, Nigeria were carried out. Twenty water samples were collected from
four different parts of the river. The
pour plate technique was employed for the isolation of micro-organisms. Colonial
morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests were used for identification
and characterization. The statistical analyses used were analysis of variance
and standard deviation. The mean total aerobic
plate count ranged from 5.30 ± 0.01log10cfu/ml to 5.90 ± 3.0
Log10cfu/ml while the mean
coliform count was 5.0 ± 0.50 mpn/100ml to 20.0 ± 4.0 mpn/100ml. The salmonella and
shigella and
vibrio cholerae mean
counts were 0 ± 0.00 log10cfu/ml respectively. The mean fungal count ranged from 2.45
± 0.02 log10cfu/ml to 2.77 ± 0.20 log10cfu/ml. The microorganisms isolated were
escherichia coli, enterobacter species,
staphylococcus aureus, proteus species, streptococcus species, bacillus species,
pseudomonas aeruginosa, lactobacillus species, saccharomyces species;
kluyveromyces ranges
species and aspergillus species.
The values of the organic
pollutants tested were as follows: ph, 6 to 9, temperature, 29oc to 31oc,
colour, and 6tcu to 7tcu, conductivity, 200μs/cm to 330μs/cm, turbidity,
0.01ntu to 0.1ntu, total hardness, 0.2mg/l to 0.4mg/l, total dissolved solid,
360 mg/l to 620mg/l, total suspended solid, 40mg/l to 120mg/l, dissolved
oxygen, 4.0mg/l to 5.5mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand, 2.8mg/l - 3.8mg/l,
salinity, 0.1ppt to 0.3ppt, nitrate, 21 mg/l to 103mg/l, phosphate, 0.67mg/l to
1.52mg/l, sulphate, 200mg/l to 260mg/l, was unobjectionable. The
microbiological and nitrate results showed that the river water is contaminated
and must be treated before consumption.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of
the study
1.2 Objectives of
the study
1.3 Justification
of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Eutrophication
2.2 Sources of
water pollution
2.2.1 Point source
pollution
2.3 Waste water
2.3.1 Physical,
chemical and biological properties of waste water.
2.4 Effect of
domestic waste on water.
2.4.1 Pollution
impacts of agricultural waste on water
2.5 Safe drinking
water act
2.6 Portable
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND
METHODS
3.1 Area of the
study
3.2 Materials used
(Coliform)
3.2.2 Nitrate
3.2.3 Dissolved oxygen
3.3 Method of
convection of sample
3.3.1 Chemical
reagents
3.3.2 Enumeration
of total heterophic bacteria and fungi
3.3.3 Enumeration
of total Caliform
3.3.4
Characterization and identification of fungal isolates and bacterial isolates
3.4 Physiochemical
parameters
3.4.1 PH testing
procedures
3.4.2 Nitrate
testing procedures
3.4.3 Dissolved
oxygen testing
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 RECOMMENDATION
AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Recommendation
5.2 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the
Study
Water is essential for life. Man needs water for
various other purposes apart from drinking and body functions.
The other purposes includes it’s use in
transportation, waste disposal and hydro electric system. About 80% of the
earth’s surface is covered by water. This may be grouped into natural and
artificial water. Natural water includes atmospheric water (rainfall, hail and
snow), surface water includes (stream, lakes, rivers, ocean) and ground water
(spring well, underground stream). Artificial water on the other hand includes
ponds. Surface water can be contaminated by some impurities like dust, smoke or
gases etc from the atmosphere.
Anthropogenic activities ad dumping of waste on the
river bank also results to the contamination of surface water quality, water
may of these micro-organisms when present in large quantities and for prolonged
period of time can cause health problem (Onyeagba and Isu, 2003, Shelton, 2003:
WHO, 2004). There is a strong relationship existing between water, health and
diseases causation (Ajewole, 2005). Water is a very essential element of human
nature, yet a very dangerous element in the spread of diseases.
A recent study of water related and water borne
diseases are in one way or the other caused by surface water (Medema et al
2003). Water that is free of disease producing micro-organism and chemical
substance that is dangerous to health is referred to as potable water. The two
categories of the sources of surface water pollution based on their origin are
point and non-point sources. The contaminants that enter a water way through
discrete conveyance, such as pipe or ditch are called point source pollution.
The non point pollution is the diffused contamination that does not originate
from a single discrete source. The cumulative effect of small amount of
contaminants gathered from a large area is as a result of non point source
pollution (USGS, 1998: EPA 2005)
The contamination of water has been associated with
sewage and sewage effluent. It has been generally accepted that surface water
contains more harmful micro-organisms compared to other source, of water
including ground water and rainfall water (Oyebode: 2005). Consequently, high
degree of sewage dumps, practices with domestic waste water may be sources of
bacteria and other organisms capable of producing diseases in man and animals
including livestock. Other source includes livestock manure and waste water
from municipals, schools, feedlots and swamps.
Consequently, the number of cases of water borne
diseases has been seen to be the cause of many health hazards. The demand and
pollution of level of water requires the basic monitoring on the quality (WHO,
2004: EPA 2002) Hence there is need to ascertain the physical, chemical and
biological quality of this river to ascertain whether it is safe for human
consumption.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The aim of this project is to determine the effect
of anthropogenic activities and domestic waste on Ekulu river water quality.
Specifically the objectives of this project are:-
i.
To collect water samples from different
parts of Ekulu River and take to the lab for analysis.
ii.
To analysis the lab results with a view
to ascertaining the physical, chemical and biological properties of the water.
iii.
To recommend amendments for the water
considering the various potential uses of Ekulu River in Enugu North of Enugu
State.
iv.
To subjectively evaluate the extent of
domestic waste deposits in the river.
1.3 Justification of the study
Not minding the anthropogenic activities and
domestic waste dumping at Ekulu River, it is still a good source of water for
agricultural and domestic activities
Ekulu River is a neat source of water but water may
not be adjudged potable by appearance or taste and that is why the analysis of
this water is essential.
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