Abstract
The study was carried out to determine entrepreneurial skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employment generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa state. Five research questions and five null hypotheses guided the study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study was 64 Business Educators, made up of 33 Business Educators in Federal University Otuoke and 31 Business Educators in Niger Delta University. Due to the researcher's belief that the population was manageable, the entire population was utilized, and no sampling technique was applied.A 25-item structured questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The research questions were answered using mean scores, standard deviations while the null hypotheses were tested using z-test statistics. The findings revealed, among others, that Business Networking Skill, effective communication skills, Marketing skill, Creative thinking skill and Time management skill are acquired by Business Education Graduates for employment generation in universities in Bayelsa State. Therefore, it implies that entrepreneurial skills are acquired by Business Education graduates for employment generation in Universities in Bayelsa State. Based on the findings the researcher recommended, among others, Business Educators should use innovative instructional strategies to adequately equip their students with skills for entrepreneurial success and Institution training and Business Education students for entrepreneurial development should have well qualified training personnel who are well groomed in instilling management and marketing competencies in students.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Purpose of the Study
1.4 Research Question
1.5 Hypotheses
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Significance of the Study
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Review of Related Empirical Studies
2.4 Summary of Reviewed Literature
CHAPTER THREE: METHODS
3.1 Design of the Study
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.4 Instrument for Data Collection
3.5 Validity of the Instrument
3.6 Reliability of the Instrument
3.7 Administration of the Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Collection
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Limitations of the Study
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge
5.5 Recommendations
5.6 Suggestions for Further Studies
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
According to Breivik (2016), the term "Skill" refers to knowledge that has been acquired via Education and experience. This encompasses trade and craft skills learned during an apprenticeship as well as the high level of performance found in a variety of fields, including professional practise, the arts, gaming, and athletics. The ability to benefit oneself and society at large is referred to as skills in this context. For this to be accomplished, students must graduate from tertiary education, the pinnacle of Education, with the skills necessary to live purposeful lives in society.
Education is the entire process of human learning through which knowledge is transmitted, faculties are taught, and skills are developed (Idowu, 2011). According to Isyaku (2011), Education is a powerful tool for social engineering and a powerful contributor to both national and global development. Therefore, it is the key that releases a people's potential; it empowers and equips people to actively contribute to and benefit from society; it promotes development; and it also serves as the foundation for societal reform. Idowu, (2011) also pointed out that Education is the primary tool used by society to conserve, maintain, and improve its social balance, and that as a result, the future of a society is greatly dependent on the level of Education received by its people. Idowu added that as Education promotes the expansion, regeneration, and development of society, it is crucial for human development.
The Economy of Nigeria is generally believed to be one of the largest in Africa, however, with a very high rate of youth unemployment. In the recent times, Nigerian Government has been making collaborative efforts to revive the economy with the major objective of creating jobs for the citizens thereby reducing unemployment. One of the important indices of a sustainable economy is the ability of a country to provide gainful employment for its citizens so as to effectively contribute maximally to nation building through Entrepreneurship and Skills Acquisition programs.
According to Okute and Olom (2012) Entrepreneurship is the ability to gather the resources needed to capitalise on new business prospects. It is the act of engaging in a worthwhile endeavour for the purpose of adding money to support oneself. The recent inclusion of entrepreneurship education in tertiary educational institutions in Nigeria is an indication of its importance to employment creation: as Nigeria continues to turn out graduates from our various institutions that are hardly self-reliant but solely dependent on white collar jobs for sustenance because they lack adequate skills that will make them function effectively and however despite the recognition of Entrepreneurship as having the potential to curb unemployment among Nigerian youth and the introduction of entrepreneurship education in Nigeria Universities, about 80% of Nigerian youths are unemployed 10% are under employed with seven out of ten graduates remaining unemployed or under-employed.
According to Olajumoke (2011), key elements that are inherent in Entrepreneurship activities include: taking risks; innovation; creating value; identifying an opportunity; being a market stabilization force; being able to start new businesses and manage them effectively; providing resources; profit maximization; and being able to reorganize exploited disequilibrium. According to Okereke and Okoroafor (2011), Entrepreneurship skills are recognized as essential and fruitful tools for generating employment, engaging in self-employment, and ensuring any country's economic existence. These entrepreneurship skills includes; leadership skill, communication skill, problem solving skill, business networking skill, effective communication, adaptability and resilience, Creative thinking, brand management skill, project management skill, strategic planning skill, decision making skill, marketing skill, strategic thinking skill, business management skill, computer network skill, time management skill.
The word "Business Networking" describes getting together with other business owners, possible suppliers, or other professionals who have experience in the business world in order to advance one's own. With the help of networking, one may access a variety of professionals, from clients to competitors, and one can provide them with anything in exchange for their expertise, contacts, or services.
Effective Communication is the process of successfully transmitting information, ideas, opinions, or other forms of messages between two or more people, leading to mutual understanding. Participants must be able to comprehend both the message being delivered and the emotion, intention, and purpose behind it in order to communicate effectively.
Creative thinking is the deliberate acquisition of fresh perspectives and novel ideas from previously known information. Creative thinking frequently entails utilising a variety of mental processes and looking at data from many angles to uncover novel patterns. With some effort, everyone can develop their creative faculties.
Marketing describes the actions a Business does to encourage the purchase or sale of a good or service. Advertising, selling, and delivering goods to customers or other firms are all included in marketing.
The capacity to use one's time effectively and productively is known as Time Management. The ability to complete everything one need to do without feeling rushed is another way to describe it. It seems easy, but in reality it is far more difficult.A nation can sustain productive growth and development with the aid of effective and efficient skill development systems that link Education to the acquisition of Entrepreneurial abilities. When these systems are strengthened, they can also result in the creation of high-quality jobs that raise the standard of living for the populace.
According to Ezeani and Ugwu (2013), Economically, entrepreneurship strengthens markets and serves as a strong means of providing alternative employment opportunities for unemployed graduates and youths. Entrepreneurship skills are vital link in economic growth of a nation; hence it is imperative for the utilization of opportunity for self-reliance, which is why National University Commission (NUC) deems it necessary as one of its benchmark requirements of graduates in Tertiary Institutions. Entrepreneurship curriculum in tertiary institution will help graduates to acquire increased knowledge and understanding of entrepreneurship, to become work creators and not job seekers.It is on this premise that the study sought to investigate the Entrepreneurial skill acquired by Business Education graduates for Employment Generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa state.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
One of the biggest problems facing Nigeria's higher Education system and society at large is that graduates from higher education institutions are unable to find employment because they lack the necessary skills that employers of labour seek. As more and younger people graduate from various higher education institutions each year, the number of job seekers also rises, intensifying competition for the market's open positions. The current global instability in the labour market makes the issue of graduate unemployment even more difficult to solve. On the other hand, employers of labour's complaints about graduates from higher education's lack of the necessary skills create concerns about the relevance of higher education to national economic difficulties.
Modern labour markets are so dynamic, complicated, and skill-driven that employers prefer workers with the kind of skills that can bring value to their companies for little to no additional expense. The claim is that graduates from higher Education institutions in the nation do not appear to possess the requisite and pertinent abilities to find gainful job. With the consequent social and economic ramifications on society, this issue has continued to cause substantial concern among policy makers and other stakeholders in the many sectors. Particularly, it appears that a large number of recent graduates from different higher education institutions lack the necessary entrepreneurial skills to create jobs for themselves and compete for jobs in the modern, dynamic global labour market.
Based on the above premise, this paper consequently intends to investigate the Entrepreneurial skill acquired by Business Education graduates for Employment Generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The Main purpose of this study was to determine Entrepreneurial skills acquired by Business Education Graduates for Employment Generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State. Specifically, the study intends to determine:
- The Business Networking Skill acquired by Business Education Graduates for Employment Generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State.
- Effective Communication Skill acquired by Business Education Graduates for Employment Generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State.
- Marketing Skill acquired by Business Education Graduates for Employment Generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State.
- Creative Thinking Skill acquired by Business Education Graduates for Employment Generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State.
- Time Management Skill acquired by Business Education Graduates for Employment Generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State.
1.4 Research Questions
The Following Research Questions was raised to guide this study.
- What are the Business Networking skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employment generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State?
- What are the Communication skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employment generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State?
- What are the Marketing skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employment generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State?
- What are the Creative Thinking skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employment generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State?
- What are the Time Management skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employment generation as perceived by Business Educators in universities in Bayelsa State?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following Null hypotheses was tested at 0.05 levels of significance.
- There is no significant difference between the mean ratings of Federal University Otuoke and Niger Delta University Business Educators on Business Networking skill acquired by Business Education graduates for employability generation in universities in Bayelsa State.
- There is no significant difference in the mean responses of Federal and State Business Educators on the Communication skill required by Business Education Graduates for Employment Generation In Tertiary Institutions in Bayelsa State.
- There is no significant difference between the mean ratings of Federal University Otuoke and Niger Delta University Business Educators on marketing skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employability generation in universities in Bayelsa State.
- There is no significant difference between the mean ratings of Federal University Otuoke and Niger Delta University Business Educators on creative thinking skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employability generation in universities in Bayelsa State..
- There is no significant difference between the mean ratings of Federal University Otuoke and Niger Delta University Business Educators on time management skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employability generation in universities in Bayelsa State.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study made use of Business Educators because they are Graduates of Business Education. And for the purpose of this very study, includes those Business Educators that are domicile in the department of Business Education in the University and those of the Servicing Department like the faculty of Management Science and Humanities where we have many of them that are teaching Business Education Students, Courses both in Entrepreneurship, Accounting, Economics and otherwise.
Geographical Scope
The study covered the universities that houses Business Education as a course of study in Bayelsa State. And for the purpose of clarity, The Universities includes:
i. Federal University, Otuoke
ii. Niger Delta University, Amassoma
The study did not extend to University of Africa Toru Orua, Federal Polytechnic Ekowe and Medical University Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, because they are not housing Business Education programs.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The Study seeks to find out the Entrepreneurial Skills acquired by Business Education Graduates for Employment Generation as perceived by Business Educators in Universities in Bayelsa State..
The findings of this study may enable:
Students, Business Educators and Graduates: With the ability to recognize commercial opportunities, self-esteem knowledge and skills to act on them. It will also enable them to manage resources and initiating a business venture.
Government and Policy Makers: To providing access to funding, invest in Education and training, encourage innovation and foster a culture of entrepreneurship.
Future Researchers: To identify entrepreneurial skills acquired by Business Education graduates for employment generation in Bayelsa State and as well serve as an eye opener to possible challenges faced by Business Education in other Universities in Nigeria.
1.8 Definition of Terms.
Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the process of developing, organizing, and running a new business to generate profit while taking on financial risk.
Skills Acquisition: Acquisition of skill is a type of learning in which repetition results in enduring changes in an individual's capability to acquire practical Knowledge and perform a specific task in order to earn a living and or to survive.
Employment Generation: Is the creation of Jobs/Employment opportunities.
Employment: is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services.
Tertiary Institution: An advanced citadel of Learning that is concerned with service delivery or imparting knowledge.
Business Education: Business knowledge acquired through a well defined Learning process.
Business Educator: Business Educator is a person who consciously or systematically administers the teaching-learning activities of the Business Education programme processes with the primary aim of assisting others to learn or attain their desired learning goals.
Business Networking: Business networking is a means to take advantage of your professional and personal connections to assist you find new clients, suppliers, or to gain valuable business management advice.
Communication: Communication is the process of exchanging ideas, opinions, knowledge, and facts in order to ensure that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose.
Creative Thinking: Creative thinking refers to the capacity to adopt new perspectives and identify novel approaches to issues.
Marketing: Marketing is the practice of promoting and selling goods and services, including market analysis and advertising.
Time Management: Time Management is the capacity to use one's time wisely or profitably, particularly at work.
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