ABSTRACT
In this paper, the performance of pork in Umuahia (Nigeria) is evaluated and the opportunities and challenges highlighted. Pork Industry has not experienced significant growth since its inception in the early 1970’s. Sixty meat processors and butchers were randomly selected who are the major markets for local pork. A structured questionnaire was used for eliciting information from them. The study revealed that the efficiency ratio of pork is high, although its major challenge are inadequate storage facilities, demand of other meat, high cost of pork, religious/cultural beliefs, inadequate knowledge on the health benefits of pork to consumers. Based on the study findings, the study recommended the need for government assistance to people retailer both financially and materially through their co-operative societies.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgment v
Table of content vi
List of Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the study 1
1.2 Statement
of the Problem 4
1.3 Objective
of the Study 5
1.4 Research
Questions 5
1.5 Research
Hypothesis 6
1.6 Scope
of the Study 6
1.7 Significance
of the Study 7
1.8
Definition of Terms 7
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Review
of Related Literature in Agricultural Marketing 10
2.2 Historical
Review of Pork 11
2.3 Meaning,
Nature and Scope of Marketing 15
2.3.1 Nature
of Marketing 16
2.3.2 Scope
of Marketing 18
2.3.3 Market Performance 19
2.3.4 Marketing Efficiency 20
2.3.5 Determine of Marketing Efficiency 23
2.3.6 Profitability Ratio 29
2.3.7 Types of Profitability Ratio 29
2.4 Agricultural
Marketing 31
2.4.1 History
of Nigeria Agriculture 33
2.4.2 Agricultural
and Food Market 34
2.4.3 Livestock
and Meat Processing 37
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research
Design 38
3.2 Area
of the Study 38
3.3 Population
of the Study 39
3.4 Sample
Size Determination 39
3.5 Sources
of Data Collection 40
3.5.1 Primary
Data Sources 40
3.5.2 Secondary
Data Sources 40
3.6 Sample
and Sampling Technique 40
3.7 Instrument
for Data Collection 41
3.7.1 Questionnaire 41
3.7.2 Validity
and Reliability 41
3.8 Method
of Data Presentation and Analysis 42
3.9 Model
Specification 42
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESULT
AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Discussion
of Result 43
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
of Findings 51
5.2 Conclusion 52
5.3 Recommendation 52
Reference
Appendix
LIST OF
TABLES
Table 4.1 Return
Rate of Questionnaire 43
Table 4.2 Sex
of Respondents 43
Table 4.3 Age
of Respondents 44
Table 4.4 Marital Status 44
Table 4.5 Education
Qualification 45
Table 4 .6 Years
of Experience 45
Table 4.7 Start
up Capital 46
Table 4.8 Source
of Market 46
Table 4.9 Major
Customer 47
Table 4.10 Effects
of Price Other Meat. 47
Table 4.11 Cost
and Return Analysis of Pork Marketing 48
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
1n the 1970’s Eugene Fama defined an
efficient market as one in which prices always fully reflect available
information.
The most common type of efficiency
referred to in financial market as the allocative efficiency or the efficiency
of allocating resources. This includes producing the right goods for the right
people at the right price. Bowbrick, P. (1976). Marketing efficiency is
considered to be a prerequisite for prompt delivery of goods. Kohls’ (1967).
Agriculture is an important or
imperative sector in the economy in Nigeria. Agriculture marketing is therefore
the total system of economic activities concerned with the flow of agricultural
product from product to the final consumer. Agriculture occupies a dominant
position in the economy of Nigeria, though productivity from the sector has not
been as high as expected. The factors responsible for the low output however
are partly explained by marketing inefficiency. Literature holds that
agriculture was the main stay of the Nigeria economy before the 1970s which was
the beginning of oil boom.
Agricultural marketing can be defined
as the performance of all business activities included in the flow of products
from the beginning of agricultural production until they are in the hands of
the consumers – “from the farm of the fork” (Kobls R.L. et al 2002).
Agricultural marketing is more than
just selling a commodity and receiving payment: it consists of supply chain which combines capital items
such as land and livestock labour, purchase inputs, equipment, transportation,
advertising, processing and selling (wholesaling an derailing) (Carter, . A.
2003).
Pork is the culinary name for meat
from domestic pig (sus domesticus) it is the most commonly meat consumed
world-wide with evidence of pig husbandry dating back o 5000BC. Port is eaten
both freshly cooked and preserved (FAO, 2012).
Pig producers in Umuahia are mainly
concentrated in big villages where the market and the demand for pork products
are high. The major markets for pig farmers are local meat processors and
butcheries. There is also a shortage of the local supply of weaner pigs and
replacement breeding stock. (Ayo J.O. et al 1998).
In Nigeria, beef production has been
the dominant agricultural activity since independence in 1960, contributing
annually about 80% of the livestock sector’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The
government has instituted a number of programmers with the primary objective of
promoting other livestock production activities such as pork production.
(Blasco A. Gogue 2000).
The viability of a pork enterprise is
influences by many factors: the most important being feeding cost, management
and market prices. In order to operate an efficient pork enterprise, the
producer needs to maintain proper production and financial records. Studies on
the economic performance of pork production in Umuahia have never been carried
out. Therefore objective of this study was to evaluating productivity using
Umuahia as a model.
It is the most popular meal in East and
South East Asia and is also very common in the Western World. Pork is known for
its fat content and pleasant texture. Although in many countries and religions,
such as Judaism, Islam and some Christians the sale of pork is illegal and
several restricted (University of Oxford Press 2005).
The adaptable nature & omnivorous
diet of this creature made early humans for domesticate it much easier than
many other forms of live stock such as cattle. Pigs were mostly used for food,
but people also used their hides for shields & shoes, their bone for tools
and weapons and their bristles also for tools & weapons (Giuffra et al 2000).
Pigs have other roles within the
human economy: their feeding behaviour in search for root churns up the ground
and makes it easier to plough; their sensitive nose leads them to truffles, an
underground fungus highly by humans; and their omnivorous nature them to eat
rubbish, keeping settlement cleaner (Thompson Michael, 2006).
Pork is the most widely eaten meat in
the world accounting for about 38% of meat production worldwide, although
consumption varies widely from place to place (Mamta Badkar 2013).
In Nigeria, pork is preferred over
economic and aesthetic reasons. The pig is easy to feed and is not used for
labour. The colours of the meat and fat of pork are regarded as more
appetizing, while the taste and smell are described as sweeter and cleaner
(Tropp Barbara 1982).
Its
myglobin content is lower than that of beef, but much higher than that of
chicken. Pork with its fat trimmed is leaner than the meat of most domesticated
animals, but is high in cholesterol and saturated fat (Wines Michael 2011).
Market
performance may be seen as a representative of market structure and conduct.
The performance, characteristics, features of a food market rest on marketing
competition, consumer prices and availability of physical marketing facilities
(Barau et al 2000).
The
performance of staple food marketing system is determined by the structural
characteristics of the market and the behavioural characteristics of market
participants (Durojauje & showemimo 2008).
The
structural characteristics of food market are those features of the market
which seem to affect the behaviour and the performance of the market (Anuebunwa
2008). The number and size of the sellers & buyers is a significant
feature.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
role of pork meat as one of the agricultural product in Nigeria cannot be over
emphasized. Inadequacy of storage facilities creates problem of the marketing
of pork meat from producers to users. Lack of credit facilities to pig farmers.
Incidence of pest and diseases as most famers do not have enough capital to
purchase pesticides for the pigs.
No
good road also poses as a threat to the transportation of port meat. Land
dispute among indigenes of a community is also a major problem. Location of site causes a major restriction
to pork farming. The subsequent free marketing system introduced has allowed
for a lot of illegalities in the marketing system as government have little or
no influence in the activities.
1.3 Objective
of the Study
The
broad objective of this study is to analyze the markets and marketing
performance of pork production in Umuahia while the specific objectives are to:
1. Determine the profit and profitability
ratio of pork in the study area.
2. Measure the relationship between
marketing efficiency and profit margin of
pork.
3. Determine the market and marketing
efficiency of pork.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research
question will guide this study:
1. What is the profitability ratio of pork in the study area?
2. Is there any significant relationship between marketing
efficiency and profit margin of
pork?
3. How efficient is the market and marketing of pork in the study
area?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho1:
There is no significant profit and profitability ratio that accrued from marketing of pork.
Ho2: There
is no significant and strong relationship between efficiency and profit
Ho3: The
market and marketing of pork is not operationally efficient
1.6 Scope of the Study
Although
there many domesticated meat in the Nigerian market, Umuahia precisely this
work tends to cover study on pork meat. It covers also its importance and
consumer attitude towards it. The study area centers on Umuahia, mostly adult that
have interest in pork consumption.
1.7 Significance of the Study
By
providing useful empirical information of pork marketing, the study will serve
as a guide both to the state government and to corporate bodies in price
stabilization policies as well as improvement in marketing and storage
facilities.
The
creation of efficient marketing system of pork will encourage other primary
producers in the study area.
The
study will provide guide on facilities and difficulties encountered in
initiating improvement on roads, transportation, storage and production of
better information useful to research.
The
result and recommendation of the study will benefit producers middle men and
consumers it will be of importance to researchers and policy, makers
It
will also be a reference material for more investigation by students.
The
study will enlighten producers on the need of credit facilities from government
before expansion and development.
1.8 Definition of Terms
For
the purpose of clarity of some basic terms above which are used repeatedly on
this work, the following conceptual and operational definitions have been
adopted.
Market
is an actual or normal place where forces of demand and supply operate, and
where buyers and sellers interact (directly through intermediaries) to trade
goods and services or contracts or instruments, for money or barter. Dacko Scot
G. 2008).
Marketing
is communicating the value of a product, service or brand to customer for the
purchase of promoting or selling that product, services or brand Kotler Philip
e al., 2009).
Marketing performance
is a term used by marketing professionals to describe the analysis and
improvement of the efficiency of marketing (Gerrald Michael 2008). Marketing
performance the behaviour of a security or assest in the market place.
Marketing margin: is the percentage of the final weighted
average selling price taken by each stage of the marketing chain. Margins are
then used in the analysis of the efficiency of marketing system (Pant KR 1990)
Marketing efficiency: the efficiency of a marketing system is
measured in terms of the level and or costs to the system of the inputs, to
achieve a given level and / or quality of outputs efficient marketing optimizes
the ratio between inputs and outputs.
Profitability ratio: is a measure of profitability which is a way
to measure a company performance.
Profitability
is simply the capacity to make a profit and profit is what is left over from
income earned after have deducted all costs and expenses related to easing the
income
Marketing competition: competition
is the rivalry between companies selling similar products and services with the
goal of achieving revenue, profit and market share growth
Market performance: the
p0erformance of a marketing system could be evaluated in terms of how well the
agricultural and food marketing system performs what society and market
participants expect of it (shepherd A .W 1993).
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