ABSTRACT
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal herb which has been used over the years for the treatment of various diseases including hypertension, insomnia, mental disorder and high blood pressure. A comparative study of sedative and biochemical effect of R. vomitoria and diazepam on the white albino rats. 25 adult male white rats weighing between 220 mg and 250 mg were used for this study. They were divided into five groups A, B, C, D and E of five rats each. Group B, C and D where the experimental rates while group A and E are the controls. Oral dose of 200 mg, 300 mg and 400 mg of R. vomitoria extract was administered to the rats in group B, C and D respectively while group A receive Diazepam 3mg/kg, and group E normal. The sedative test where carried out using Tunnel walk, method, backward reversal test and thiopenton induced sleeping time. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in tunnel walk time among the R. vomitoria groups with ‘D’ having the highest increase. The thiopenton sleeping time shows a reduction in time of sleep in Group B, C and D when compared to the controls. The various biochemical test carried out shows no negative effect on the liver and kidney function. This study suggest that rauwolfia vomitoria is safe when use as a sedative.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of contents v
List of tables x
List of figures xi
Abstract xii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2
Aim of the Study 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0.
Back Ground of Study 3
2.1
Description and Ecology 3
2.1.2
Phytochemicals 4
2.1.3
Pharmacological Importance 6
2.1.4
Health Benefit 6
2.1.4
Economic Benefit 7
2.1.5
Sedative Effect of Rauwolfia Vomitoria 8
2.1.5.1
Mechanism of Action 8
2.2.0.
Sedatives 11
2.2.1
History of Sedatives 11
2.2.2
Mechanism of Actions of Sedatives 12
2.2.3.
Diazepam 12
2.2.4.
Pharmacology of Diazepam 13
2.2.5.
Mechanism of Action 13
2.2.6.
Therapeutic Use 14
2.3 Thiopental 14
2.3.1.
Pharmacology 15
2.3.2.
Mechanism of Action 15
2.3.3.
Therapeutic Use 15
2.3.4.
Psychiatry 15
2.3.5.
Status Epileptics 15
2.3.6.
Medically Induced Coma 16
2.3.7.
Sedative Activity 16
2.3.8.
Control of Convulsion 16
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Materials and Methods 17
3.1.1
Equipments 17
3.1.2.
Reagents 17
3.1.3.
Plant Collection and Identification 18
3.1.4.
Preparation of the Plant Extract 18
3.1.5.
Experimental Animals 18
3.2.1. Oral
Acute Toxicity Study 19
3.2.2. Tunnel Work 19
3.2.3.
Backward Reverse Activity 19
3.2.4. Thiopenton induced sleeping time 20
3. 3. Biochemical Test 20
3.
3.1 Blood Glucose Level 21
3.3.2
Statistical Analysis 21
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 22
4.1
Sedative Test 22
4.1.1.
Tunnel Work 22
4.1.3
Backward Reverse Test 22
4.1.4
Thiopenton Induced Sleeping Time 23
4.2
Biochemical Analysis 23
CHAPETR FIVE
5.1
Discussion 27
5.2
Conclusion / Recommendation 28
5.2
Recommendation 29
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1: Summary of major alkaloids and their bioactivities isolated from the root Of Rauwolfia
vomitoria 10
Table
2.2 mean (± sem) of thiopenton induction and sleeping time. 24
Table
2.3: mean (± sem) of different biochemical parameters of white albino rats treated with rauwolfia
vomitoria. 25
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1: Diagram of
rauwolfia vomitoria afzel
(apocynecae) 4
Fig
2: Structure of Diazepam 12
Fig
3: Structure of Thiopental 14
CHAPTER ONE
1.1.
INTRODUCTION
The
progressive increase in world population poses huge challenges to satisfy the
need for food, health, care, shelter and cloth. There is a rise in demand for
medicine, as millions of people are suffering from various types of disease
worldwide. There are several pharmaceutical formulations available commercially
for the treatment of disorders but they are costly, not effective and show
numerous toxic effects and adverts effects sometimes lead to death.
Therefore,
there is an urgent need for us to use alternative naturally available
medications or herbal remedies which have little or no side effects over 80% of
world population are dependent on herbal medicine for its therapeutic effects
and more than 800 plant species shows hypoglycemic and sedative activity
(Kaniboj, 2009).
In
Nigeria and other West African countries various indigenes plants are used to
cure disease as nature has provided a perfect store house of remedies to cure
all elements of humanity (Tiwari,2008).
One
of the medically important plant used for the purposes of obtaining therapeutic
effect is rauwolfia vomitorial afzel.
R. vomotoria
is a common herb used traditionally in the management of psychiatric patients
in Nigeria (Akpanabiatu et al.,
2006). The plant shows the presence of various chemical substances such as
alkaloids, hydrogen, carbon, rsinstaninins, yohibin, Amaline, isoeserpidin,
Reserpine Rescinnamine (Okpako, 1991) that are responsible for the treatment of
various disease (Huxj, et al., 2008)
. The medicinal uses of the root are extensive particularly for their sedative, purgative and insecticidal
properties (Jacskke H. et al., 2002)
The bioactive carboline alkaloid reserpine, present in the root of R.
Vomitoria have a sedative effect,
Antipsychotic, anti-hypertension, anti-depression, anti-cancer (Melurga; 2013). The alkaloids of R. vomitoria are used mainly as anti-hypertensive agent and
sedatives. The roots (Eluwa, et al.,
2009) while the Anti-hypertension has been demonstrated (Smart, et al., 1995)
The
kidney is an essential organ in vertebrates their main function is to regulate
the balance of electrolytes in the blood, along with maintaining pH, they also
remove excess organic molecules from the blood, maintenance of acid-base
balance and fluid balance. The kidney is an important excretory rout for drugs
and drug metabolites which exposes it the toxic products by the drugs. Drug
cause approximately 20% of community and hospital acquired episodes of acute
kidney failure (Bellomor et al.,
2005). Therefore the need for a comparative study of the sedative biochemical
effect of R. vomitoria and diazepam
on the kidney.
1.2 Aim of the Study
This
study was aimed at comparing the effect of diazepam (orthodox sedative d) and R. vomitoria afzel on the kidney
function of white albino rats.
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