ABSTRACT
This research
study examined the prevalence of child hawking and educational development. The
study was carried out in Ekpoma, Edo State. The structured and unstructured
questionnaires were used to elicit information from the respondents. The sample
for the study comprised of 120 subjects were drawn different communities in
Ekpoma town. In chapter four, the researcher present the data and the
hypotheses were analyzed using the Chi (X2) Square statistical
techniques. The findings from the study showed that the incidence of child
hawking is high in Ekpoma, and thus, called for serious attention. It was also
found that single parenthood and child hawking, are cases of
child hawking which have effect on the academic development or educational
development of the child. However, it was submitted that the government and law
enforcement agencies can reduce child hawking rate through adherence to the
“child right act”.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page………………………………………………………………….ii
Certification……………………………………………………………..iii
Dedication………………………………………………………………..iv
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………….v
Table of
contents……………………………………………………….vii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………..viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
Background of
the Study…………………………..……………1
1.2
Statement of
Problem……………………………………………..3
1.3
Objective of
Study………………………...……………………….4
1.4
Research Hypothesis………………………………...……………4
1.5
Scope of Study……………………………………….…………….4
1.6
Significance
of Study…………………………….…………….5
1.7 Definition of Terms…………………………………….………….5
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Literature
Review…………………………………………………7
2.2 Child Abuse and its Causes in Nigeria………………….…7
2.3
Causes of Street Trading and Child Labour……………….14
2.4 Social Political and Educational Implications
of Child Labours and Street Trading…………………………………………..18
2.5
Child Abuse and Neglect…………………………………………21
2.6
Government Policies to Avert Child Labour and Street Trading…………………………………………………………………….21
2.7
Theoretical Framework…………………………………………..25
2.8 Human Right and Child Abuse: Issues and
Objectives………………………………………………………………..28
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Methodology and Scope of Study…………………………..32
3.2 Population of Study…………………………………………...32
3.3 Sample Population/Sample Size…………………………..32
3.4 Sampling Techniques………………………………………...32
3.5 Method of Data Collection…………………………………..33
3.6 Method of Data
Analysis……………………………............34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation
and Analysis………………………….....35
4.1
Analysis Socioeconomic Characteristics
of Respondents.36
4.2 Analysis of research
questions/Hypothesis…………….….40
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion of Findings…………………………………………..47
5.2
Conclusion……………………………………………………….…48
5.3
Recommendations………………………………………………..49
5.4 Implication
of Study…………………………………………….50
Bibliography……………………………………………………………..52
Appendix………………………………………………………………….55
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
Background to the Study
There
is no generally accepted definition for the term ‘Child Hawking’. But it could
simply be referred to as the abuse of a child by his parents or guardian or any
other adult. Edu and Edu (1990), describe child abuse as a willful maltreatment
of a child below eighteen years of age into street sales. Such treatment
according to them can include acts of commission (abuse) and omission
(neglect). A narrow definition of child hawking is united to life threatening,
physical violence including severe beating, rape (sexually harassed) which are
inflected on the children by the adult member of the community. A broader
definition however lays emphasis on any treatment other than the most favorable
care and include neglect sexual and or emotional abuse and exploitation .which
ever this social problem is been define
the question that comes to mind is “are children who are God’s given
gifts granted freedom, comfort and peace by adults in the society?
In
Nigeria, for example, the rights of citizens in chapter 4 sections 30, 40 of
the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria guarantees every
citizen’s basic and fundamental human rights. Here, the constitution does not
make any destination between the rights of adults and children to trade. Thus,
children are expected to enjoy these rights. With the menace of child hawking
(abuse) in the country, children are being exposed to all kinds of societal
hazards. This study therefore examines street hawking in Nigeria, with a view
of identifying its consequences on children.
Street trading and child hawking have become a
global phenomenon and a global concern. The United Nations International
Children Education Fund (NCICEF) has estimated that there are 100 and 200
million child labourers across both industrial and developing countries.
Estimates for Nigeria shows that 20% of children between the age of 10 and 14
are involved in child labour and street trading. Nigeria alone is estimated to
have between 12 and 15 million of child hawkers.
According
to Human Right Watch (2004) Nigerians have the largest child labour force in
the world. The dramatic increase in child labour and street hawking in Nigeria
can be attributed to several factors. The rapid population growth of less
developed countries, high rates of unemployment, inflation, low wages and
deplorable working conditions have contributed to incidents of child hawking
and child labour, as children attempt to help support their families (Charles
and Charles 2004, Deth 1993). According to Arat (2002), the proliferation of
industries can also be linked to an increase in child hawking and child labour.
Social ills affecting children have been an area of active empirical investigation.
Indeed
numerous studies exist on children who, along with their parents are and on
weekends and holidays. This study will bring to light the dangers associated
with street trading and child hawking as reported by children who engage in
these practices.
1.2
Statement of Problem
Street
trading and child hawking have the potential to corrupt young minds in two
major ways. Firstly, a child that misses school frequently falls to benefit
comprehensively from the education system. This can mean poor performance in
examinations and open the door to examination malpractices for those seeking a
certificate at all cost. This in turn can lead to incompetent and unlearned
graduates with consequences for the nation as a whole, including increased
national illiteracy.
Secondly,
street trading and child hawking may also lead to behavioral patterns inimical
to healthy citizenship. They may indulge in negative activities or criminal
acts, such as prostitution, armed robbery, and pick pocketing and face
imprisonment. (Humert, 2009 and Humphrices, 2010). Many government policies
have been put in place to curb the issue of child hawking and child labour, but
all to no avail. This probably is as a result of the low economic status of
most Nigerians who barely earn enough to feed themselves and their children.
Oruwari (1996); Okojie (1987) and Aderinto (2000) linked the phenomenon of
child hawking and educational development to socio economic status of poor
parents who subsist at the periphery of the urban economy.
This
research will offer solutions to the menaces of child hawking and child
development. It is believed that the solutions discussed below will reduce the
menace to its absolute minimum in the course of this discussion this study will
also attempt to address the following questions why do parent engage their
children in street trading and child hawking? Are parents happy about this
situation considering the dangers involved? Why have the policies of government
not succeeded?
1.3
Objectives of Study
1. To
examine the causes of child hawking in Ekpoma
2. To
examine the consequences of child hawking on children.
3. To
examine the relationship between child hawking and development.
4. To
examine the relationship between child hawking and academic performance.
1.4
Research Hypothesis
1.
There is a relationship between
poverty and child hawking
2.
There is no relationship between
polygamous family and child hawking
3.
There is a relationship between
singly parenthood and child hawking.
1.5
Scope of Study
The
scope of study shall lay emphasis on the effect and consequences of child
hawking on child development in Ekpoma. Also,
this study examines the relationship with child hawking and development.
Furthermore,
this study examines government policies on how to eradicate child hawking in
Ekpoma and Nigeria at large.
1.6
Significance
of Study
Existing
literature portray little information about child hawking and development. This
study is therefore important because it will reveal child hawking practices in
Ekpoma. Also, the importance of this study is to give an insight to those who
will like to carry out a similar research on this topic in the nearest future.
1.7 Definition of Terms
1. Child:
This is used in this study as a young human being the age of puberty. In other
words, a young individual below the age of 18 years.
2. Street hawking:
The act of selling of goods or foodstuffs and other items on the streets. It
can also be described as act of selling, offering or exposing for sale any
article in a public place.
3. Child labour:
This simply means the use of children by other adults e.g. parents/guardians
for economic purpose that brings income to such adults. UNICEF defines child
labour as work that exceeds a minimum number of hours depending on the age of a
child (especially those below 18 years) and on the type of work.
4. Abuse: As
used in this study mean maltreatment of a person in an unjust or undesired
manner. Therefore, the term child abuse refers to the physical or emotional or
social mistreatment of children. World Health Organization (WHO, 2009) define
it as any act or failure to act that which violates the rights of the child, to
endanger his/ her optimum health, survival and development.
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