ABSTRACT
The study of microbiological analysis of hawked sliced fruits in selected location (Isigate/ Ahieke, School gate) of Umudike was carried out. Result of the total bacteria counts of the collected hawked sliced fruits ranged from 1.0 x 103 to 7.0 x 102 cfu/ml with sample A (watermelon from Ahieke market) having the highest count (6.0 x l03) and sample B (pineapple from Isi gate) having the least count (l.OxlO6). Bacteria isolated from the collected and analyzed hawked sliced fruit samples were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Streptococcus spp and Krebsiela spp. Result of percentage frequency of occurrence of the bacteria isolated from sliced hawked fruit samples collected showed that Escherichia coli had the highest of occurrence (6.0 x 103) in water melon samples compared to Escherichia coli (7.0xl02) in pawpaw samples and Staphylococcus aureus (6.0 x 103) in water melon sample. The result of percentage frequency of bacteria isolated from the collected and analyzed hawked sliced fruits also revealed that Escherichia coli had the highest count of (7.0 x 102) in paw-paw and the least (1.0 x 103) in both pineapple and water melon.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION
- - - - - - - i
DEDICATION
- - - - - - - ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- - - - - - iii
TABLE
OF CONTENTS - - - - - - iv
LISTS
OF TABLE - - - - - - - viii
ABSTRACT
- - - - - - - - ix
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Objectives of the study - - - - - - 2
1.2 Justification - - - - - - - 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review - - - - - - - 3
2.1 Processed fresh fruits - - - - - - 3
2.2 Types of fruits - - - - - - - 4
2.2.1
Simple fruits - - - - - - - 4
2.2.2
Aggregate fruits - - - - - - - 4
2.2.3
Multiple fruits - - - - - - - 5
2.3 Nutritional value of fruits - - - - - 5
2.3.1
The uses of fruits - - - - - - 5
2.4 Recent trends in outbreak of consumption
of
6contaminated ready-to-eat fruits - - - - 6
2.5 Sources of fruits contamination - - - - 7
2.6 Factors that enhance microbial load in
some hawked
fruits - - - - - - - - - 8
2.6.1
Intrinsic factors - - - - - - - 8
2.6.2
Extrinsic factors - - - - - - - 9
2.7 Food borne diseases - - - - - - 10
2.7.1
Botulism - - - - - - - - 11
2.7.2
Listeriosis - - - - - - - - 12
2.7.3
Escherichia coli 0157 and other
related
enterotoxigenic producing E. coli infections - - 12
2.7.4
Shigellosis - - - - - - - - 13
2.7.5
Campylobacter spp related food-borne
infections - 13
2.7.6
Cholera - - - - - - - - 14
2.7.7
Bacillus spp related infections - - - - - 14
2.7.8
Staphylococcal food-borne infections - - - 14
2.8 Benefits associated with some hawked
fruits - - 15
2.9
Safety regulations for the growing, preparation
and storage of fruits - - - - - - 16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods - - - - - - 17
3.1 Study area - - - - - - - - 17
3.2 Sample collection - - - - - - - 17
3.2.1
Sample transportation - - - - - - 17
3.3 Materials used - - - - - - - 17
3.3.1
Media - - - - - - - - - 17
3.3.2
Laboratory equipments - - - - - - 17
3.4 Methods - - - - - - - - 18
3.4.1
Plating procedure - - - - - - 18
3.4.2
Determination of total bacteria and fungal counts - 18
3.4.5
Purification of isolates - - - - - - 18
3.5 Characterization and identification of bacterial
isolates 18
3.6 Characterization and identification of
fungal isolates 19
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Result - - - - - - - - - 21
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion - - - - - - - - 27
5.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 28
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - 29
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Sources
of fruits used in study
Table 2: Total Bacteria Isolate
from Fruits
Table
3:
Characteristics of the isolates
Table 4: Biochemical test
Table 5:
Distribution of Bacteria isolates in fruits samples
Table 6: Viable Counts of
Bacteria in Water melon
Table 7: Viable Counts of
Bacteria in Pineapple
Table 8: Viable Counts of
Bacteria in Pawpaw
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Fruits are extraordinary dietary source of nutrients,
micronutrients, vitamins and fiber for humans and thus vital for health and
wellbeing (Beuchat 2002). The well balanced diets, rich in fruits are
especially valuable for their ability to prevent vitamin C and vitamin A
deficiencies, and are also reported to reduce the risk of several diseases
(Kalia and Gupta 2006). Fruits are
widely exposed to microbial contamination through contact with soil, dust,
water and by handling at harvest or during post-harvest processing (De’Rover
1999). They therefore habour a diverse range of microorganisms including plant
and human pathogens (Nguyen and Carlin, 1994; Dun et al., 1995; Carmo et al., 2004).
Differences in microbial profiles of various fruits
result largely from unrelated factors such as resident micro-flora through animal manures, sewage or
irrigation water, transportation and handling by individual retailers (Ray and
Bhunia, 2007; Ofor et al., 2009).
In developing countries such as Nigeria, continued use of untreated waste water
and manure as fertilizers for the production of fruits is a major contributing
factor to contaminations (Amoah et al., 2009).
Thus, despite their nutritional and health benefits, outbreaks of human
infections associated with the
consumption of fresh or minimally processed fruits have increased in
recent years (Beuchat, 2002). Enteric pathogens such as Escherichia
coli and salmonella are among
the greatest concerns during food-related outbreaks (Buck et al., 2003). Several cases of typhoid fever outbreaks have been
associated with eating contaminated fruits grown in or fertilized with
contaminated soil or sewage (CDC 2002). These increases in fruits-borne
infections may have resulted from increased consumption of contaminated fruits
purchased from street hawkers of fruits which has recently become very common
and thriving (Beuchat 1998). Since bacteriologically, safe fruits are essential
to maximize the health benefit promised by adequate consumption of these
produce, it is therefore necessary to determine the microbiological quality of
these ready-to-eat hawked fruits.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
This research work was designed to meet the following
set goals.
-
To determine the microbial load present in
some sliced hawked fruits sold in Umudike.
-
To isolate, characterize
and identify microorganisms present in some sliced hawked fruits gotten from
different locations in Umudike.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
Some sliced hawked fruits
are continually purchased by people for different reasons, which could either be due to their availability,
affordable prices and high nutritional content. The processing of these fruits
requires a whole lot of activities which involves handling, washing, slicing,
and packaging, amongst others. However, because of the low hygienic practices
of most hawkers of these fruits, there is need to determine the microbiological
load and quality of these fruits so as to
either reduce or avoid cases of
food-borne illness resulting from the
consumption of these food borne pathogens.
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