ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to isolate and identify the microbial pathogens in the internal surface of ladies handbags, in Umuahia, Abia State. One hundred and forty samples were collected from different groups of individuals which includes: Nurses, Workers, students and market women. Also the handbags from which the samples were collected includes: Leather, Cotton, Nylon and Polyester and velvet handbags. The bags were swabbed with sterile swab sticks, inoculated on different types of culture media and incubated at 370c for 24 hours. Growth was observed after 24 hours. Gram stain and biochemical reactions were used in the identification of bacteria. In the course of the study, the following bacteria were isolated from the internal surface of the handbags Coagulase Negative Staphylococci 6 (2.6%), Esherichia coli 36(15.7%), Klebsiella spp 14 (6.1%), Staphylococcus aureus 49 (21.3%), Bacillus spp 48 (20.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5 (2.2%), Proteus spp 5 (2.2%), Streptococcus spp 51 (22.2%), Salmonella spp 3 (1.3%) and Enterococcus faecalis 13 (5.7%). Sensitivity test was carried out by disc diffusion technique and most of the isolates were sensitive to levofloxacin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and resistant to ampiclox, chloramphenicol, erythromycin. The spread of microorganism and prevention of nosocomial and community acquired infection from handbags can be minimized by washing and sun drying of the internal covering of the handbags, proper hand hygiene, as well as disinfection of the medical instrument like stethoscope, pens, mobile phones that are sometimes kept in handbags.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the study 3
1.2 Rationale of the study 3
1.3 Aims and objectives of the study 3
1.4 Significance of the study 4
1.5 Limitation of the study 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 5
2.1 Various bacteria contaminants associated
with female handbags. 7
2.1.1 Coagulase negative Staphylococci 7
2.1.2 Klebsiella
spp 8
2.1.3 Bacillus
spp 8
2.1.4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9
2.1.5 Proteus
spp 9
2.1.6 Staphylococcus
aureus 9
2.1.7 Escherichia
coli 10
2.2
Handbags and hand hygiene 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and method 13
3.1 Study area 13
3.2 Materials 13
3.3 Sample collection 13
3.4 Preparation of culture media 14
3.5 Bacteria inoculation 14
3.6 Colony counting 14
3.7 Isolation and identification of bacteria
isolate 14
3.7.1 Gram stain 15
3.7.2 Catalase test 15
3.7.3 Coagulase test 15
3.7.4 Citrate test 16
3.7.5 Motility, indole, urease test (miu) 16
3.7.6 Triple sugar iron (tsi) test. 16
3.7.7 Antibiotic
susceptibility testing 17
3.7.8 Oxidase test 18
3.7.9 Data
analysis 18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 19
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion 32
5.1 Conclusion 34
5.2 Recommendation 34
REFERENCES 35
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Number
of hand bags analyzed from the sample areas. 20
2 Prevalence of all isolates
in the study and gram stain reaction 21
3 Morphological
characteristics of the isolates 22
4 Biochemical
characterization of the bacteria isolates 23
5
Bacteria isolate from different types of handbags. 24
6 Incidence
of multiple bacterial contamination 25
7 Relative abundance of
bacteria isolate isolated from different
types
of handbags. 26
8 Relative abundance of
bacteria isolate isolated from different
groups
of individuals 27
9 Antibiotic susceptibility
of the bacteria isolates from various
types
of handbags. 28
10 Degree of contamination of
different types of handbags. 29
11 Degree of contamination of
different groups of individuals. 30
12 Different
types of cloth linings in the internal surface of handbags
analyzed. 31
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Microorganisms
are ubiquitous. Microbes can be found everywhere, from the earth crust to the
polar ice and oceans, to the bodies of plants and animals. Microorganisms are
living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, in terms
of numbers and range of distribution, microbes are the dominant organisms on
earth. A large and diverse group of microscopic organisms exist as single cells
or cell dusters; which includes viruses that are microscopic but not cellular
(Lynn et al., 2013).
Several
studies have demonstrated colonization and contamination of objects such as
door handles, mobile phones, money etc. Majority (80%) of infections are spread
through hand contact with hands or other objects. Various gram negative
bacteria and gram positive Cocci (GPC) were isolated from the daily used
gadgets like computer, mobile phones, stethoscopes etc (Chandra et al.,
2014).
Germs
can survive in the microscopic grooves and cracks on surfaces and will go
unnoticed. Oils in the skin, dust, grime, moisture and warmth from central
heating systems provide an ideal environment for these germs to accumulate. Cold
and flu viruses can survive on dry surfaces for more than 48 hours while some
bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, can survive for months, soft wet surfaces,
(particularly those with plenty food) are perfect for bacteria. Cloth, sponges
and carpets that have gotten wet are excellent living places for bacteria
because it protects them from exposure to the environment, dry air or sunlight
(Samy et al., 2012).
Many
investigators have studied solid surface bacterial infection in computer
keyboard (Marsden, 2009). Mobile phones (Ulger et al., 2009). Computer
keyboards and mice, elevator buttons and shopping carts (Al-Ghamdi et al.,
2011) and currency notes (Yazah et al., 2012). According to (Samy et al., 2012), a low positive percentage
(16%) results were detected from samples collected from pens and keyboards in
the public halls. In contrast, sheet of protech IT hygiene (Technical release
1162; 2012) reported that there can be up to 400 times more bacteria on office
desk and keyboards than toilet seats. In our point of view, the places of which
the samples were collected, hygienic status of keyboards, cool of hall
atmosphere could make such a difference. Datta et al., 2009 have
isolated gram positive bacteria staphylococcus, enterococcus, micrococcus and
streptococcus from mobile phones. In his study, a variety of media used in the
isolation process to fulfill the requirement of bacteria from different sites
(Datta et al., 2009).
In
comparison to many other studies (Yazah et
al., 2012) obtained gram positive and
gram negative bacteria in their work, from currency notes and computer
keyboards, curtains, cell phones, white coats and ties, respectively. Such
regarding results were typical to our results, likewise regular cleanliness of
contaminated sites with different disinfectants can minimize bacterial growth.
It is extremely difficult to completely eliminate all bacteria from surfaces. Ladies
handbags is also another important source for the growth of microorganisms
usually, Handbag is one of the gadgets which are not shared or multipurpose,
single use but due to its type of utilization, it is believed that, handbags
are also an important environment for the growth of microorganisms (Chandra et al.,
2014).
Bacteria
that can cause severe gastroenteritis have been found on the internal surfaces
of handbags (Chandra et al., 2014). This demonstrates that germs
can be readily transferred from your hands to almost any frequently used
surface. Although the role of fomites including handbags in the transmission of
infectious diseases has for long remained controversial subjects.
Handbags
contain several cosmetics items like face creams, lipstick, powder, partially
consumed food items. In case of lactating women, handbag contains fresh/used
diapers, milk bottles etc. In addition to all these, water bottles create moist
environment in the handbags which is suitable for the growth of microorganisms,
thus making internal surfaces of female handbag a viable model for the
transmission of several disease causing organism.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Handbags
are commonly used multipurpose personal gadgets of females. Heavy bacteria
contamination of the internal surface of ladies handbags is a major health
hazard and of serious nosocomial importance in hospital settings. Bacteria
harbored in the internal surface of ladies handbags plays an important role in
the transmission of different diseases mechanically in health centers or
hospitals, domestic dwellings, offices, markets etc.
1.2 RATIONALE
OF THE STUDY
Microorganisms
can be found in the internal surface of ladies handbags. The unavailability of
sufficient data to effectively correlate handbags to the transmission of
several infectious diseases of man and animals and spread of pathogenic and
drug resistant microbe prompted this study.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the presence of various populations
of bacteria associated with the internal surface of ladies handbags.
The
specific objectives are;
1) To
isolate and identify bacteria associated with the internal surface of ladies
handbags
2) To
determine the bacteria diversity and frequency from the internal surface of
handbags.
3) To
ascertain the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the bacteria isolate.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
study will be of great importance in the provoking renaissance of “handbag
hygiene” among women and the general public at large. By enlightening them on
the inherent mechanical role handbag play in the spread and transmission of
disease causing organism.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This
study was hugely incapacitated by the unavailability of typing sera which would
have aided immensely in the determination of specific serotypes of E. coli with disease causing
capabilities.
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