ABSTRACT
Liquid herbal medicinal products are crude preparations of various kinds of medicinal plants involving leaves, roots, flowers and seeds. Ten liquid herbal medicinal products sold in Umuahia were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. They were first screened for pathogenic bacteria using streaking on Chocolate agar, MacConkey agar and Nutrient agar to identify the isolates. Gram staining procedure and biochemical tests were also carried out. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) test was carried out to identify the antimicrobial activity of the liquid herbal products. The MIC and MBC for all the four herbal drugs against E.coli were 12.5% and 25%, 3.125% and 6.25%, 25% and 50%, 6.25% and 12.5% respectively for the products 1,2,4 and 7. The results for the other isolates, Klebsiella spp, S.aureus and Proteus spp for all the drugs were within the same range. Herbal medicinal products could be a good alternative to conventional drugs when standardized by clinical trials
TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
LIST OFTABLES viii
ABSTRACT ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1
Aim and Objective
2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature review 3
2.1
Origin of Liquid Herbal
Medicines
3
2.2
Mechanism of Action of Herbal
Drug Interaction 4
2.2.1 Pharmacokinetic
Interaction
4
2.3 Phamacognosy 5
2.4 Pharmacodynamic
Interactions 5
2.5 Botanical
Medicine Chemistry (Phytochemistry) 6
2.6 Some
Anti-Nutritional Factors Present In Phytomedicines 6
2.6.1 Tannins
6
2.6.2
Oxalates
7
2.6.3
Alkaloids 7
2.6.4 Anthocyanins 7
2.7 Potential
Risks of Phytomedicine on Health 8
2.8
Benefits of Phytomedicines (Liquid Herbal Medicines) 8
2.9 Herbal
Drugs and its Toxicity
9
2.10 Quality
Control and Standardization of Herbal Medicines
11
2.11 Regulation
of Herbal Drugs; Awareness and Control 13
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials
and Methods 14
3.1 Sample
Collection
14
3.1.2 Media
Used
14
3.1.3 Sterility
14
3.1.4 Sample
Preparation
15
3.2 Methods
15
3.2.1 Isolation
and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Liquid Herbal Drugs 15
3.2.2 Characterisation
of Microorganism 15
3.2.3 Catalase
Test
16
3.2.4 Coagulase
Test 16
3.2.5 Citrate
Test
16
3.2.6 Motility 17
3.2.7 Triple
Sugar Iron test
17
3.2.8 Oxidase
Test
18
3.3 Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration 18
3.4 Minimum
Bactericidal Concentration
18
3.5 Assay
for Antibacterial Action
19
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
Results 20
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Discussion
31
5.1 Conclusion
32
5.2 Recommendation
32
Reference
LIST OF TABLES
Table List
Page
1. Identification of drugs based on their life
cycle 21
colour, odour, composition and
supposed cure
2. Various bacterial organisms isolated from
different 24
drugs
3. Morphology of test organism based on their
cultural 26
morphology and microscopy
4. Gram
and biochemical characterization of the isolates 27
5. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal
concentration of 28
liquid medicinal herbs with proved
evidence of
antibacterial action
6. Percentage antibacterial activity of liquid
medicinal 29
herbs
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Health
for all is a dream and a goal which humanity at large shares and strives for
but is clear that modern pharmaceuticals are and will remain out of reach for a
large proportion of the human population for the foreseeable future
(Mosihuzzaman and Choudary, 2008). This gap has created the need for the use of
alternative and traditional medicines largely herbal in nature, to solve human
health need. Alternative medicines such as herbal medicines are gaining
popularity because of typically low side effect profiles (Wilt et al.,2000), low cost (Vanderhoof,
2001), and a high level of acceptance by patients. Some managed care
organizations now offer these therapies as an expanded benefit (Langyan and
Ahuja, 2005). In Africa, traditional medicine has always been a part of the
culture even though this form of medicine is not as well organized as, for
example, in India and China (Ogunshe et
al., 2006). Harvard Herbal medicine has become a popular form of health
care at least in African and Asian countries being intertwined with modern
medicine (Eisenberg et al., 1998;
Esimone et al., 2002). The use of
herbal medicine has always been part of human culture, as some plants possess
important therapeutic properties (Barkatullah et al., 2013; Samy et al., 2013).
The ideas that certain plants had healing potentials and contain antimicrobial
principles were well accepted long before mankind discovered the existence of
microbes (Rios and Recio, 2005). Traditional herbalists in Nigeria use various
herbal preparations to treat various types of ailments, including diarrhea,
urinary tract infections, typhoid fever and skin diseases (Sofowora, 1993).In
developing countries “traditional medicine practice is often viewed as an
integrated part of their culture” (Kunle et
al., 2012). Although it is generally believed that most herbal preparations
are safe for consumptions, some herbs contain biologically active substances
that can be toxic or at least have undesirable side effects (Evans, 1996).
There is no effective machinery to regulate, manufacturing practices and
quality standards (Kunle et al.,
2012). Give the variable nature of products of plant origin, ensuring
consistent quality of their product is vital for the survival and success of
the industry (Bauer, 1996).In Nigeria, there appears to be an overwhelming
increase in the public awareness and usage of herbal medical products in the
treatments and /or prevention of disease (Okunlola et al.,2007). With this increased usage, the safety, efficacy and
quality of these medicines have been an important concern for health
authorities and health professionals (Oluyege and Adelabu, 2010). Many of these
products have bogus claims on their labels and these claims may have also led
to the increase usage of the products. Advertising in various forms by the
herbal practitioners is unparallel in Nigeria. People now attend hospitals as
often as they go to herbalists (Okunade, 2001).
This study was therefore meant to examine the
antibacterial properties of some liquid herbal anti-infective produced and
marketed in Umuahia metropolis Abia State, Nigeria.
1.1 Aims and Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the
anti-microbial activity of some liquid herbs manufactured and marketed in Umuahia
metropolis, Abia state, Nigeria.
Objective:
i.
To determine the MIC and
MBC of the drugs against various isolates
ii.
To screen the herbal
medicinal product for bacterial contaminants
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