ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME LIQUID HERBS SOLD IN UMUAHIA METROPLIS

ABSTRACT

Liquid herbal medicinal products are crude preparations of various kinds of medicinal plants involving leaves, roots, flowers and seeds. Ten liquid herbal medicinal products sold in Umuahia were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. They were first screened for pathogenic bacteria using streaking on Chocolate agar, MacConkey agar and Nutrient agar to identify the isolates. Gram staining procedure and biochemical tests were also carried out. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) test was carried out to identify the antimicrobial activity of the liquid herbal products. The MIC and MBC for all the four herbal drugs against E.coli were 12.5% and 25%, 3.125% and 6.25%, 25% and 50%, 6.25% and 12.5% respectively for the products 1,2,4 and 7. The results for the other isolates, Klebsiella spp, S.aureus and Proteus spp for all the drugs were within the same range. Herbal medicinal products could be a good alternative to conventional drugs when standardized by clinical trials

TABLE OF CONTENT

CERTIFICATION                                                                                                                  ii

DEDICATION                                                                                                             iii

ACKNOWLEDMENT                                                                                                           iv

TABLE OF CONTENT                                                                                                         v

LIST OFTABLES                                                                                                                   viii

ABSTRACT                                                                                                                           ix

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                      

1.0      Introduction                                                                                                               1   

1.1     Aim and Objective                                                                                                           2    

                                                                                                            CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature review                                                                                                        3

2.1       Origin of Liquid Herbal Medicines                                                                                  3

2.2       Mechanism of Action of Herbal Drug Interaction                                                           4

2.2.1    Pharmacokinetic Interaction                                                                                        4

2.3       Phamacognosy                                                                                                            5

2.4       Pharmacodynamic Interactions                                                                                        5

2.5       Botanical Medicine Chemistry (Phytochemistry)                                                            6   

2.6       Some Anti-Nutritional Factors Present In Phytomedicines                                       6

2.6.1    Tannins                                                                                                                          6

2.6.2    Oxalates                                                                                                                         7

2.6.3    Alkaloids                                                                                                                    7

2.6.4    Anthocyanins                                                                                                              7

2.7       Potential Risks of Phytomedicine on Health                                                              8

2.8       Benefits of Phytomedicines (Liquid Herbal Medicines)                                           8     

2.9       Herbal Drugs and its Toxicity                                                                                        9 

2.10     Quality Control and Standardization of Herbal Medicines                                        11

2.11     Regulation of Herbal Drugs; Awareness and Control                                                13

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and Methods                                                                                               14

3.1       Sample Collection                                                                                                         14  

3.1.2    Media Used                                                                                                                            14

3.1.3    Sterility                                                                                                                                   14

3.1.4    Sample Preparation                                                                                                                15

3.2       Methods                                                                                                                      15

3.2.1    Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Liquid Herbal Drugs             15

3.2.2    Characterisation of Microorganism                                                                                       15

3.2.3    Catalase Test                                                                                                                          16                                                

3.2.4    Coagulase Test                                                                                                                       16  

3.2.5    Citrate Test                                                                                                                             16 

3.2.6    Motility                                                                                                                       17

3.2.7    Triple Sugar Iron test                                                                                                  17

3.2.8    Oxidase Test                                                                                                                           18        

3.3       Minimum Inhibitory Concentration                                                                              18

3.4       Minimum Bactericidal Concentration                                                                           18                        

3.5       Assay for Antibacterial Action                                                                                      19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                                       20         

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                             

5.0       Discussion                                                                                                                   31

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                                     32

5.2       Recommendation                                                                                                           32

Reference

LIST OF TABLES  

Table    List                                                         Page

1.      Identification of drugs based on their life cycle                                                                    21

            colour, odour, composition and supposed cure

2.      Various bacterial organisms isolated from different                                                             24

             drugs

3.      Morphology of test organism based on their cultural                                                            26

            morphology and microscopy

4.     Gram and biochemical characterization of the isolates                                                          27

5.      Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of                                                         28

            liquid medicinal herbs with proved evidence of

           antibacterial action

6.      Percentage antibacterial activity of liquid medicinal                                                            29

            herbs

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION

Health for all is a dream and a goal which humanity at large shares and strives for but is clear that modern pharmaceuticals are and will remain out of reach for a large proportion of the human population for the foreseeable future (Mosihuzzaman and Choudary, 2008). This gap has created the need for the use of alternative and traditional medicines largely herbal in nature, to solve human health need. Alternative medicines such as herbal medicines are gaining popularity because of typically low side effect profiles (Wilt et al.,2000), low cost (Vanderhoof, 2001), and a high level of acceptance by patients. Some managed care organizations now offer these therapies as an expanded benefit (Langyan and Ahuja, 2005). In Africa, traditional medicine has always been a part of the culture even though this form of medicine is not as well organized as, for example, in India and China (Ogunshe et al., 2006). Harvard Herbal medicine has become a popular form of health care at least in African and Asian countries being intertwined with modern medicine (Eisenberg et al., 1998; Esimone et al., 2002). The use of herbal medicine has always been part of human culture, as some plants possess important therapeutic properties (Barkatullah et al., 2013; Samy et al., 2013). The ideas that certain plants had healing potentials and contain antimicrobial principles were well accepted long before mankind discovered the existence of microbes (Rios and Recio, 2005). Traditional herbalists in Nigeria use various herbal preparations to treat various types of ailments, including diarrhea, urinary tract infections, typhoid fever and skin diseases (Sofowora, 1993).In developing countries “traditional medicine practice is often viewed as an integrated part of their culture” (Kunle et al., 2012). Although it is generally believed that most herbal preparations are safe for consumptions, some herbs contain biologically active substances that can be toxic or at least have undesirable side effects (Evans, 1996). There is no effective machinery to regulate, manufacturing practices and quality standards (Kunle et al., 2012). Give the variable nature of products of plant origin, ensuring consistent quality of their product is vital for the survival and success of the industry (Bauer, 1996).In Nigeria, there appears to be an overwhelming increase in the public awareness and usage of herbal medical products in the treatments and /or prevention of disease (Okunlola et al.,2007). With this increased usage, the safety, efficacy and quality of these medicines have been an important concern for health authorities and health professionals (Oluyege and Adelabu, 2010). Many of these products have bogus claims on their labels and these claims may have also led to the increase usage of the products. Advertising in various forms by the herbal practitioners is unparallel in Nigeria. People now attend hospitals as often as they go to herbalists (Okunade, 2001).

This study was therefore meant to examine the antibacterial properties of some liquid herbal anti-infective produced and marketed in Umuahia metropolis Abia State, Nigeria.

1.1 Aims and Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-microbial activity of some liquid herbs manufactured and marketed in Umuahia metropolis, Abia state, Nigeria.

Objective:

i.               To determine the MIC and MBC of the drugs against various isolates

ii.              To screen the herbal medicinal product for bacterial contaminants

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.