ABSTRACT
HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health challenge globally, with an estimated 38 million people living with the virus worldwide. In Nigeria, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is relatively high, with an estimated 1.9 million people living with the virus. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the Knowledge, Attitude and Psychology impact on People Living with HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta. The research is conducted in Abeokuta and five hospitals within the state were contacted for detail data collections on the study. The target population for this study consists of 100 people living with HIV. For this study, a stratified random sampling is utilized. Data for this research is collected using Self-administered structured questionnaires to individuals living with HIV/AIDS in the chosen hospital In Abeokuta, Ogun State. The primary method of data collection was carried out via a self-administered well-structured questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire was designed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and psychological impacts of HIV on people living with HIV/AID. The findings reveal that there is acceptable knowledge, attitude and psychology impact on people living with HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta, Ogun State. This result is in line with the study of Iwelunmor et al. In 2014 to examine the socio-cultural factors influencing the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria. Details from their findings highlighted the importance of addressing cultural and social barriers to improve the effectiveness of prevention programs for HIV. The study recommends that individuals should be supported to have positive attitude towards HIV and AIDS so as to reduce stigma among PLWHIV.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Psychology, People Living with HIV/AIDS, Abeokuta.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of
contents v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the Study 1
1.2 Statement
of the Problem 3
1.3 Objectives
of the Study 3
1.4 Research Questions 4
1.5 Research
Hypothesis 4
1.6 Significance
of the Study 5
1.7 Scope of
the Study 5
1.8 Operational
Definition of Terms 6
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual
Review 7
2.1.1 Concept
of HIV/AIDS 7
2.1.2
Epidemiology 9
2.1.3 Stages
of HIV 10
2.1.4 Mode of
Transmission of HIV/AIDS 11
2.1.5 Clinical
Manifestation of HIV/AIDS 12
2.1.6
Pathophysiology of HIV 13
2.1.7 Causes
of HIV 13
2.1.8 Prevention
of HIV/AIDS 14
2.1.9
Complications of HIV/AIDS 15
2.1.10
Diagnostic Evaluation 16
2.1.11 Ways by
which HIV is not transmitted 17
2.1.12
Treatment 18
2.1.13 Impact
of HIV on people living with HIV/AIDS 19
2.1.14
Management 19
2.2 Theoretical
Review 24
2.2.1
Application to the Theory 24
2.3 Empirical
Review 26
2.4 Appraisal
of Literature Review 28
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research
Design 29
3.2 Research
Setting 29
3.3 Target
Population 29
3.4 Sampling (Size
and Formula) 29
3.5 Sampling
Techniques 30
3.6 Instrument
for Data Collection 30
3.7 Validity
of Instrument 31
3.8
Reliability of Instrument 31
3.9 Method of
Data Collection 31
3.10 Method of
Data Analysis 32
3.11 Ethical
Consideration 32
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND
INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Data Presentation 33
4.2 Demographic of respondent 34
4.3 Test of Hypothesis 39
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Key Findings 40
5.2 Implication of the findings to
the study 41
5.3 Limitation of the Study
42
5.4 Summary of Findings 42
5.5 Conclusion 42
5.6 Recommendation
43
5.7 Suggestion for Further Research 43
REFERENCES 44
APPENDIX
47
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
HIV/AIDS
remains a significant public health challenge globally, with an estimated 38
million people living with the virus worldwide. In Nigeria, the prevalence of
HIV/AIDS is relatively high, with an estimated 1.9 million people living with
the virus. The impact of HIV/AIDS goes beyond physical health, affecting
individuals' knowledge, attitudes, and psychological well-being. Understanding
the knowledge, attitudes, and psychological impact on people living with
HIV/AIDS is crucial for developing effective interventions and support systems.
Therefore, this chapter present information on HIV/AIDS, impacts of
HIV/AIDS on affected individuals, statements of the problem, objective
of the study, research questions, hypotheses, scope of the study, and
definition of terms. Abeokuta, the capital city of Ogun State, Nigeria, has a
relatively high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, with an estimated 3.1% of adults aged
15-49 living with the virus. Despite efforts to increase awareness and access
to treatment, stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS
remain prevalent in the community. Stigma and discrimination can have a significant
impact on individuals' mental health and well-being, leading to feelings of
isolation, shame, and low self-esteem. Research has shown that knowledge about
HIV/AIDS is crucial for prevention and treatment. Individuals with accurate
knowledge about the virus are more likely to engage in preventive behaviors and
seek timely treatment. However, misconceptions and misinformation about
HIV/AIDS are still widespread, leading to stigma and discrimination against
people living with the virus. Addressing these misconceptions and promoting
accurate knowledge about HIV/AIDS is essential for reducing stigma and
improving the quality of life for individuals living with the virus. Attitudes
towards people living with HIV/AIDS also play a significant role in shaping individuals'
experiences. Negative attitudes and beliefs about HIV/AIDS can lead to social
exclusion, discrimination, and lack of support from family and friends. On the
other hand, positive attitudes and support from the community can help
individuals living with HIV/AIDS cope with their diagnosis and lead fulfilling
lives. Understanding the attitudes of the community towards people living with
HIV/AIDS is essential for developing interventions to reduce stigma and promote
acceptance and support (UNAIDS, 2021).
The
psychological impact of living with HIV/AIDS is also a critical aspect of
individuals' well-being. The diagnosis of HIV/AIDS can have a profound impact
on individuals' mental health, leading to feelings of anxiety, depression, and
hopelessness. Coping with the stigma and discrimination associated with the
virus can further exacerbate psychological distress. Providing mental health
support and counseling services to individuals living with HIV/AIDS is
essential for addressing their psychological needs and improving their overall
quality of life. Furthermore, understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and
psychological impact on people living with HIV/AIDS is crucial for developing
effective interventions and support systems. Addressing misconceptions and
promoting accurate knowledge about HIV/AIDS, reducing stigma and
discrimination, and providing mental health support are essential steps towards
improving the quality of life for individuals living with the virus. This study
aims to contribute to the existing literature on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria and
provide valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare
providers,
and community organizations working to support people living with HIV/AIDS in
Abeokuta, Ogun State.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
The
lack of understanding and awareness about HIV/AIDS among the general population
in Abeokuta may contribute to stigma and discrimination towards individuals
living with the virus. This can have a negative impact on their mental health
and overall well-being. Additionally, the attitudes of healthcare providers and
community members towards people living with HIV/AIDS can also influence their
access to care and support services (UNAIDS, 2021). Furthermore, the
psychological impact of living with HIV/AIDS, such as depression, anxiety, and
stress, can have a significant effect on the quality of life of individuals. It
is important to understand how knowledge, attitudes, and psychological factors
interact and influence the experiences of people living with HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta.
Therefore, this study aims to analyze the knowledge, attitude, and
psychological impact on people living with HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta, Ogun State. By
identifying the gaps in knowledge, addressing negative attitudes, and providing
support for psychological well-being, interventions can be developed to improve
the overall quality of life for individuals living with HIV/AIDS in the region.
However, it is in the light of these that the study seeks to analyze the
Knowledge, Attitude and Psychology impact on People Living with HIV/AIDS in
Abeokuta, Ogun State.
1.3
Objectives of the Study
The
main purpose of this study is to analyze the Knowledge, Attitude and Psychology impact on People Living with
HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta, Ogun State. Specifically, the study was;
1. To identify the Causes of HIV/AIDS among
people living in Abeokuta, Ogun State.
2.
To determine the Prevalence and Nature
of HIV/AIDS of people living in Abeokuta, Ogun State.
3.
To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and
Psychology impact on People Living with HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta, Ogun State.
1.4
Research Questions
1. What are the Causes of HIV/AIDS among people
living in Abeokuta, Ogun State?
2. What are the Prevalence and Nature of
HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta, Ogun State?
3. What are the Knowledge, Attitude and
Psychology impact on People Living with HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta, Ogun State?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
H0: There
is no significant relationship between unprotected sexual practices and the
prevalence of HIV/AIDS among people living in Abeokuta, Ogun State.
H1: There
is a significant relationship between unprotected sexual practices and the
prevalence of HIV/AIDS among people living in Abeokuta, Ogun State.
1.6
Significance of the Study
Knowledge
and awareness of HIV/AIDS play a crucial role in prevention, treatment, and
management of the disease. Studies have shown that individuals with accurate
knowledge about HIV/AIDS are more likely to engage in preventive behaviors and
seek timely medical care. In Abeokuta, Ogun State, it is essential to assess the
level of knowledge among people living with HIV/AIDS to identify gaps and
develop targeted educational programs. By understanding the misconceptions and
myths surrounding HIV/AIDS in this region, healthcare providers can tailor
their interventions to address specific needs and challenges.
Stigma
and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS remain pervasive in many
communities, including Abeokuta, Ogun State. Negative attitudes towards
individuals with HIV/AIDS can have detrimental effects on their mental health
and well-being. This study will explore the attitudes of the general population
towards people living with HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta and assess the impact of stigma
on their quality of life. By identifying the factors contributing to stigma and
discrimination, policymakers and healthcare providers can implement strategies
to promote acceptance and support for individuals affected by HIV/AIDS.
1.7
Scope of the Study
This
study will identify the Causes of HIV/AIDS among people living in (Adigbe,
Panseke, Omida etc) Abeokuta, determine the Prevalence and Nature of HIV/AIDS
in Abeokuta, and also analyze the Knowledge, Attitude and Psychology impact on
People Living with HIV/AIDS in Abeokuta, Ogun State. Geographically, the study
will be delimited to People in Abeokuta, Ogun State.
1.8
Operational Definition of Terms
- HIV (human immunodeficiency
virus): is
a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a
person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.
- AIDS:
(Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the late stage of HIV infection
that occurs when the body’s immune system is badly damaged because of the
virus.
- Antiretroviral Therapy (ART):
A combination of medications that suppresses HIV replication and slows
disease progression.
- CD4 Cells (T CELLS):
A type of immune cell that fights infections and diseases; HIV targets and
destroys these cells.
- Viral Load:
The amount of HIV in the blood, measured by viral RNA copies per
milliliter (mL).
- Window Period:
The time between HIV infection and the appearance of antibodies (usually
2-4 weeks).
- Mother-to-Child Transmission:
HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or
breastfeeding.
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PREP):
A daily medication that prevents HIV infection in individuals at high
risk.
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
A short-term treatment after potential exposure to prevent HIV infection.
- Ogun State:
Ogun State, located in the southwestern region of Nigeria, is bordered by
Lagos State to the south, Oyo and Osun states to the north, Ondo State to
the east, and the Republic of Benin to the west.
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