THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL INSTITUTION IN THE SUSTENANCE OF DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT

 

The research work dwelt on the examination of the Role of traditional institution in the sustenance of democracy with Mbo Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State as the mean to focus on, the analysis has traditional institution is the most closet to the people than any other institution of authority coupled with their social and enormous degree of influence they wielded. To Accomplished this work a sample of the questionnaire numbering one hundred (100) copies were randomly distributed. From this study it is concluded that traditional institution are one of the most important form of authority for mobilization of citizens in the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page

 

Title page    -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        i

 

Dedication -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        ii

 

Certification         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        iii

 

Acknowledgements        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        iv

 

Abstract      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        v

 

Table of contents -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        vi

 


Chapter One

1.1            Introduction         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        1

1.2    Background of the Study         -        -        -        -        -        -        1

1.3     Statement of the Problems      -        -        -        -        -        3

1.4     Objectives of the study  -        -        -        -        -        -        5

1.5     Research Questions       -        -        -        -        -        -        5

1.6     Significance of the Study (delimitation)      -        -        -        5

1.7     Scope and limitation of the study     -        -        -        -        6

1.8     Definition of Terms       -        -        -        -        -        -        7


CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Introduction         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        10

2.2     The Concept of Traditional Rulers   -        -        -        -        10

2.3     Function of Traditional Institution   -        -        -        -        14

2.4     Concept of Democracy  -        -        -        -        -        -        16

2.5     The role of traditional institutions in the sustenance of democracy 19


CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Introduction                   -        -        -        -        -        -        -        23

3.2     Area of the study -        -        -        -        -        -        -        23

3.3     Population of the study -        -        -        -        -        -        24

3.3     Sample and Sampling Technique      -        -        -        -        24

3.4     Method of data collection        -        -        -        -        -        24

3.5     method of data analysis -        -        -        -        -        -        24


CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

   INTERPRETATION

4.1     Introduction         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        26

4.2     Data Presentation -        -        -        -        -        -        -        26

4.5:    Data Analysis      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        29

4.3     Discussion of Findings  -        -        -        -        -        -        31

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

  RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Introduction                   -        -        -        -        -        -        -        32

5.2     Summary             -        -        -        -        -        -        -        32

5.3     Conclusion                     -        -        -        -        -        -        33

5.4     Recommendations         -        -        -        -        -        -        -        34

REFERENCES

Appendix/ Appendices






 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

The role of traditional institution cannot be overemphasized as its applies to community sustenance since the 1986. In the said reforms, leadership role where clearly expressed which state that it is not the intention of government to destroy the organic unity of the traditional institutions.

The traditional emirate and chiefdom will remain, although their function will be changed to accord with the present day circumstance.

Although the warrant chiefs were undone by colonial rule, traditional rulers have served as important adjunct in the administration of post-colonial government in both Nigeria and Africa (William F. S miles 2007).

This in effect streamlined the procedure for the selection, recognition and roles of traditional ruler and therefore forms the constitutional framework for traditional democracy by a community selection of an acceptable ruler.

1.1            Background of the Study

Mbo is a town and local government area in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The local government area was previously part of Cross River State. It was later sub-divided into other local government areas such as Eastern Obolo, EtimEkpo, Ukanafon and Oron. Notable tribes includes the Annang, the major economic activities of the people of this area before and after the Nigeria civil war was palm produce exported through river port at Ekpene Okpo, Ntak Ibesit, a distance of about 120km from Mbo town. In Mbo local government area the major economic activities of the inhabitants are fishing, fuelwood exploitation and processing and subsistence farming. Mbo is located 140 South East of Akwa Ibom State.

Mbo became the seat of government in 1989 after conquest by war against the British Colonial master at the valley lying between Ediene and Mbo clans. The outcome of the conquest was the penetration into the hinder land by the colonial soldiers and eventual installation of the government valley in the democratic dispensation within the country develops. It has therefore become necessary that they refined their role as head of their political within the framework of developmental effort by the central government and its adjuncts as well as non-governmental organization (NOGs) (Withelmina. J. Donkoh, 2002 105-114).

Traditional institutions in modern society remain for a variety of reason, important to the design and implementation of development project within this area of jurisdiction. Their core function include the provision of infrastructure to enhanced standard of living within the community. Sometimes traditional rulers initiate development project and secure the support of both internal and external development agent for the execution of these projects. (Withelmina. J. Donkoh, 2002 105-114).

Traditional ruler work in conjunction with their subject and therefore carry the whole community along to accomplish development project that will be of benefit to the entire community. Thus, this study is aimed at finding out the role of traditional ruler in some selected local government area of Akwa Ibom Government State. The major Local language in Mbo is Uda, enwang, ebughu, udesi, effiat. But from 1989 when it gained the status of divisional council headquarter. Mbo local Government is surrounded by Oron, Okobo, Urue-Offong/Oruko, and Eastern Obolo. All these places mentioned here are independent local governments in Akwa Ibom state.

The Population in Mbo according to 2006 national census was gathered about 52,351 males and 49,822 females then total of 102,173 people (s).  Mbo rich cultural heritage is reflected through traditional dances such as The Ekpe Society, which was shared with the Efiks and the Southern Igbos as well as the Ibibios, in addition to the unique hospitality of the Mbo people, their arts, rich diet, Oil and Gas minerals, have been known to attract tourism and commerce to the area and Akwa Ibom state in general. Etc. Though majority are affected by the presence of Christian faith.


1.2     Statement of the Problems

The traditional institution is a democracy universal concept; its practice differs from one place to another with regard to acquisition and disposition to power and institutional arrangements. Hence, one can talk of Cross River State Democracy, Abia Democracy, Akwa Ibom State Democracy and so on it has been pointed out above that the concept of equalitarianism has more theoretical connotations than practical application. There is nowhere in the world where traditional ruler have everything equal. This socio-economic and political inequality is a prominent and permanent feature of democracy particularly in Nigeria where traditions institutions between those who have access to power and public fund and those who do not. Since traditional institution is said to be government of the people, it is therefore generally assumed that democracy is the most suitable form of government at least as far as the delivery of Ronald. Political goods is concerned. It is therefore that the pursuit of the welfare of the generality of the people is the epicenter of democracy where ever it is practiced, while this may be so in some democracy is synonymous with holistic development and aggregated growth in some times; it is the representation of betrayal and in human deprivation in others. Nigeria probably personifies the latter while some local government aspired to and do indeed practice democracy for the socio-economic benefit of the generality of the people or at least as many people as possible; others like Nigeria make their own brand of democracy government of the few by the few and for the socio-economic benefit of the few indeed, the most outstanding feature of Nigeria democracy of mind boggling and unpardonable waste of public funds on the comfort of officials rather than in human and material resources.

 

1.3     Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study is to examine the role of traditional institution in sustaining democracy. Other objective include:

To identify problem associated with the role of traditional institution in the democratic sustenance and the resources.

To suggest ways and means through which traditional institution can help in the democratic sustenance.


 

1.4     Research Questions

For the research to be accomplished perfectly and effectively relevant questions has to be put forth which are as follows:

Ø    Does traditional institution plays a vital role towards sustenance of democracy in Nigeria?

Ø    Does the role of traditional ruler in mobilization process facilities, political participation of the citizens and consequently help in sustaining democratic governance in the country?

Ø    Does the participation of traditional institutions in partisan politics is likely to affect the development of democracy in Nigeria?

 


1.5     Significance of the Study (Delimitation)

These research is limited to the role of traditional institution in the substances of democracy in Nigeria with Mbo in Akwa Ibom State as the basis of evaluation, the research covered the period span from the first republic (1960s) via unsuccessful military transition to civil rule programmes down to present, in the same vein; due to limited resources the research will be restricted within Mbo Local Government domain for data collection instead of the whole federation. To the various political leaders who exercise political power at ethnic or sub-ethnic levels in Nigeria.


1.6     Scope of the Study

This research work will bring to the limelight various indices and factor for effective and efficient mobilization of traditional institution of the democracy sustenance and development.

The successful attainment of democratic role and management of economic and socio-political problems which make this study of significance as it facilities understanding of the role of traditional institution towards the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria.

The study also is of significance as it raises the level of awareness of the people, especially of grass root level who need to be sanitized and mobilized as a means of reversing the prevailing apathy among them.

Finally, the study wills in addition aids student to the existing stock of knowledge and equal serves as resources for further studies in the field of democratic government and politics.

 

1.7 Limitation of the study

This research projects is limited to Mbo Local Government area as time constraint, resources and access to materials from other local government of Nigeria were not readily available as at the time these research project was carried out. For this reason our materials and questionnaire focuses on Mbo local government and its sustenance of democracy in Nigeria.


1.8     Definition of Terms

          Traditional Rulers

It is important to avoid the arrow and/or confusing definition of traditional ruler ship. Traditional ruler is often narrowly defined as traditional ruler only. In reality, the traditional institution is merely at the apex of entire panoply of a network of indigenous governing system which includes of council of elders, titled men, age grade or other similar associations. It is the combination of these and other institution that make up the totality of the indigenous political system. The term traditional institution on the other hand, used to refer personal magnetism to gain a position of influence.

There are three categories of traditional rulers, the first comprises those whose religion and honorific titles, namely titles bestowed on them because of their age and remain a symbol and custodian of culture and tradition. The second group is holders of title as a result of impact British colonial administration. They may have some executive functions which are granted by the law that created them. This group is certainly found in some part of eastern part of the Nigeria as purely known as warrant chiefs. The third group consists of those with full time executive traditional titles and function. They are or have has been rulers which predate the executive functions from tradition that are well noted. In the dictionary definition, democracy is “government by the people in which supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directively by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system”.

According to Appadoria (1975) “democracy is a system under which power periodically elected by themselves”. In addition, democracy is a system of government where the leaders are elected by majority of the population when they are consulted in decision making, with the interest of the minority protected. Democracy is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible member of a state, typically through elected representatives.

Institution

The term "institution" commonly applies to both informal institutions such as customs, or behavior patterns important to a society, and to particular formal institutions created by entities such as the government and public services. Primary or meta-institutions are institutions such as the family that are broad enough to encompass other institutions.

 

Democracy

Democratic Leadership, also known as Participative Leadership, is where individuals who would typically be considered unequal by hierarchal standards have shared power in making decisions. Democratic leaders emphasize collaboration and the free-flow of ideas.



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