ABSTRACT
The study attempted to examine the
effect of employment on academic performance amongst Sandwich students at the
University of Lagos. Some relevant
literature reviews were carried out under important sub-headings. The
descriptive research survey was employed in this study to assess the opinions
of the selected respondents using the questionnaire and the sampling
technique. A total of 200 (two hundred)
respondents were selected and used in this study to represent the entire
population of the study. A total of 4(four) null hypotheses were formulated and
tested in this study using the independent t-test statistical tool at 0.05 level
of significance. At the end of the data
analyses, the following results were obtained: Hypothesis one revealed that
there is a significant effect of employment on sandwich students’ academic
performance Hypothesis two found that there is found that there is a
significant difference between the academic performance of students in sandwich
programmes and those in full-time programmes. Finally, hypothesis three showed
that there is a significant gender difference in the academic performance of
students due to engagement in employment.
Based on the conclusions reached in this study, it is recommended that:
Sandwich students should ensure that they arrange themselves proper concerning
their works and their academic career.
This is because, they would be doing disservice to themselves if they
only pay attention to their works at the detriment of their academics. In the light of this, sandwich students ought
not to engage themselves in work activities that can make them to loose focus
in their educational careers. The school authority and decision-makers in the
school, should look into the Sandwich programme and ensure that the programme
is formatted in such a way that it is not cumbersome to the students,
especially students who combine work with schooling at University of Lagos
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER
ONE 1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Statement
of the Problem 5
1.3
Purpose
of the Study 6
1.4
Research
Questions 6
1.5
Research
Hypotheses 7
1.6
Significance
of the Study 7
1.7
Scope
of the Study 9
1.8
Limitation
of the Study 9
1.9
Definition
of Terms 9
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1
Concept
of Employment and Full Employment 11
2.2
Basic
Employment Right 17
2.3
Basic
Income Right of Employee 21
2.4
The
Role of Education in Employment 26
2.5
Importance
of Sandwich Education 28
2.6
Sandwich
Students’ Employment and Academic Performance
at the University Level 30
2.7
Employment on Academic Achievement Among Sandwich Students 34
2.8
Sandwich
Students and the Labour Market 39
2.9
Effects of Employment on Sandwich
Student Academic Performance 44
2.10
Summary
of Review 48
CHAPTER
THREE 50
3.0 Research
Methodology 50
3.1 Research
Design 50
3.2 Population
of the Study 50
3.3 Sample
and Sampling Technique 50
3.4 The
Instrument 51
3.5 Procedure
for Data Collection 51
3.6 Procedure
for Data Analysis 52
CHPAPTER
FOUR: DATA ANLALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION 53
4.0 Introduction 53
4.1 Description of Bio-Data of Respondents
According to Sex, Age
and Class 53
4.2 Testing
of Hypotheses 55
4.3 Summary
of Findings 58
CHAPTER
FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS,
RECOMMENDATIONS
AND SUGGESTION
FOR
FURTHER STUDIES 59
5.0 Introduction 59
5.1 Discussion
of Results 59
5.2 Summary
of the Study 61
5.3 Conclusions 62
5.4 Recommendations 62
5.5
Suggestion for Further Studies 63
References 64
Appendix
67
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
Introduction
Employment for
individuals, means having a job or other gainful occupation. For a nation,
total employment is a measure of how well the economy provides opportunity to
all who are willing and able to work. In a statistical sense, workers are
considered employed if they have either full or part-time paying jobs or are
self-employed, even if they are not working at a given time for reasons of
health, strike or vacation (Darby, 2003).
The growing and
expanding economic responsibilities of governments at the Federal and State
levels, have affected the capability of governments to continuously recruit
adequately qualified teachers to meet with the expanding students’ enrolment in
Nigerian secondary schools. Therefore, the use of Sandwich Programmes and
part-time programmes of tertiary institutions in Nigeria, remains a dependable
source of improving serving teachers’ professional and academic quality as well
as improving the number of teachers for Nigerian secondary schools
quantitatively and improving qualitatively with respect to standards (Mezieobi,
2006).
According to Mkpa
(1997), the essence of Sandwich and Part-time
teacher-education is to provide opportunity for the intellectual development
and competence of teachers in their professional assignment or interested
persons in teacher-education who would not be accommodated in the regular
school based programmes as a result of job protection and maintenance of their families’
socio-economic responsibilities as adults.
Interestingly, the much
vaunted distance education programme, promoted by the Obasanjo regime in the
year 2000 is ideal in improving access to education, but is frustrated by the
non-provision of feasible communication gadgets and adequately packaged
programmes, epileptic power supply, lack of trained manpower in distance or
sandwich learning and effective machinery to monitor its implementation. Education
innovation as sandwich and part-time teacher-education programmes are meant to
provide wide access to human resources development in teacher-education
(Dashen, 2002).
According to Anozie
(2005), sandwich programme is an educational programme designed for teachers
who could not come for the full-time studies in a formal school setting. The
sandwich programme is organized by the Faculty of Education in University of Lagos and in any other tertiary
institutions in Nigeria.
For University of
Lagos, the Sandwich programme is organized for teachers during the long
term break or vacation in schools. It usually comes up between August and
October annually. The programme offers variety of courses in many Departments
in the Faculty of Education.
The great response of
would-be learners to part-time study and sandwich programmes in this period of
economic down-turn cannot be over stressed. This is because, many are willing
to go to school on a full-time basis and to do nothing but reading, but with
the prevailing socio-economic condition in our society, many a learner
concludes that he/she has to engage in a job that would fetch him or her a
regular pay before embarking on any study programe. Hence, it is a common sight
these days to find candidates rushing into the sandwich programmess which is
absolutely seasonal, leaving the rest of the year to gainful employment
(Makinde, 1996).
It is not surprising
that the majority of the candidates for such a programme are adults considering
the varied mix of their vocational and non-vocational interests and especially,
the barriers placed in their ways to full-time study programmes such as the
problems arising from domestic responsibilities, work and study (Afe, 1990).
According to Afe’s (1990) study of a survey of sandwich students’ age ranges,
one would agree that the ages range between 25 and 51 by which time they are
expected to be independent of parents or guardians. Over 70% of them are
married with children.
Interestingly,
interests have increased generally in continuing education as evidenced by the
number of Colleges of Education which rose from less than 8 to about 17 by the
late 70s in western Nigeria.
Candidates are at present being trained for the National Certificates in
Education by the NTI – National Teachers’ Institute Centres, and other centres
with different labels like the Project-Time in the production of more teachers
in our schools. The essence of this according to Ilogu (1996), is to cushion
the effect of population explosion brought about by the execution of the
National Develompent Plans (1960 – 1985) as well the Universal Primary
Education (UPE) of the 70s.
As Makinde (2001)
submits, the consequent rise in the number of secondary school leavers these
days, compared to the decline in the number of new entrants into the
universities yearly is generating much interest within institutions of higher
learning. Equally, the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) is not
helping matters due to the unprecedented high cut off points in the admission
quota into the different faculties.
The Institute of Education
in Nigeria
places a significant role in the training and retraining of teachers. They roles
include:
(a) to organize in-service training and other
courses and programmes for teachers;
(b) to hold conferences, conduct seminars and
organize study programmes;
(c) to organize pre-service, in-service and
continuing education courses for teachers and educators and
(d) to bridge the gap between the “Gown” and
the “Town” through programmes relevant to the current needs of the society it
serves.
There is no doubt, that
employments held by sandwich students can affect their academic achievement at
the tertiary level of our school system. This is because, most students who
registered for the sandwich programme, are engaged in one work or the other,
mostly teaching. Most sandwich students may not perform well in school due to
the kind of work they do. However it is noted that most of them could not have
been to the tertiary institution without working. This is because, many
sandwich students train, themselves through what they earn from their
employment (Uzomah, 2007). This study therefore attempts to find out the
relationship between the employment and academic achievement of sandwich
students in tertiary institutions.
1.2
Statement
of the Problem
The relationship
between employment and academic performance of sandwich students cannot be
doubted. This is because, employment and schooling may not work together
positively. One must affect the other. Students who are gainfully employed, pay
more attention to the routine duties they do at their work places, than their
academic activities. This in any case, may have affected their performance at
school. No wonder, most sandwich students do not do well in their academic
activities. For instance, many of them barely escape being asked to withdraw
from their educational programmes due to dismal or poor performance in their
courses, while many others may drop out outrightly due to inability to cope
with the rigours of academic activities in school due to employment. Only a
handful of the students may be able to and be capable to completing their
educational programmes with strong academic grades for further studies at the
masters and or M.Phil/PhD levels of their academic career.
The above problems
propelled this researcher to examine the effect of employment on academic
performance of sandwich students in tertiary institutions.
1.3
Purpose
of the Study
The
objectives of this study include to:
(1)
Find out whether employment has effect on the
academic performance of students.
(2)
Examine whether there is significant difference
in academic performance between sandwich students and full-time students at University of Lagos.
(3)
Investigate whether there is significant gender
difference in the academic performance of sandwich students due to employment.
(4)
Find out whether the performance of sandwich
students who work differ from the performance of those who do not.
1.4
Research
Questions
The
following research questions were raised in this study:
(1)
Does employment affect the performance of
sandwich students at University
of Lagos?
(2)
Is there any significant difference in the
academic performance of sandwich and full-time students?
(3)
Will there by any significant gender difference
in the academic performance of students due to employment?
(4)
Will the performance of sandwich students
differ significantly from that of the full-time students at University of Lagos?
1.5
Research
Hypotheses
The following
hypotheses were formulated and tested:
(1)
There will be no significant effect of
employment on academic performance of students.
(2)
There will be no significant difference between
the academic performance of students who are in sandwich programmes and those
in full-time programmes.
(3)
There will be no significant gender difference
in the academic performance of students due to engagement in employment.
(4)
The performance of sandwich students will not
significantly differ from that of the full-time students.
1.6
Significance
of the Study
This study will be
beneficial to some people and group of individuals as shown below:
(1)
The sandwich students would benefit from the
results and recommendations of this study because, it will help them to
understand the effect of employment on academic achievement of students. Not
only that, this study will enable students to understand some other factors
that militate against high academic achievement especially at sandwich or part
time levels.
(2)
The lecturers would be more aware through this
study, of the implication of students’ (sandwich) employment on their academic
achievement. Lecturers and indeed, other teachers at other levels of Nigerian
educational system, would be able to appreciate the relationship between
employment and students’ educational career.
(3)
School Authorities will be able to understand
more effectively, students’ situations as regards work and study. With the
results and recommendations of this study, the school authorities would be able
to give conclusions to those who engage in routine work and also enroll in
sandwich programmes to update their academic profiles.
(4)
The society will be well informed through the
findings and recommendations of this study. With this study, the society will
be aware that work affects students’ academic career negatively.
1.7
Scope
of the Study
The study covers the
effect of employment on sandwich students’ academic achievement at the University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos.
1.8
Limitation
of the Study
In this study, finance,
time frame and other logistics would pose considerable constraints in the
effective completion of this study.
1.9
Definition
of Terms
Operational terms were
defined in this study in the following areas:
(1)
Employment:
Individuals or a person having job or other gainful occupation. Employment can
be part-time paying jobs, or self-employed etc. It is what one does to earn a
living.
(2)
Academic
Performance: The academic performance of students, is the
overall activity of a student(s) who have sat for test or examination in any
subject(s) taught in school over a period of time.
(3)
Sandwich or Part-time Students: This
is the programme organized by a school in order to provide education to people
who are not able to attend the full-time programme of the school due to work or
any other circumstances,
(4)
Counselling:
This
means advice or direction given to individual or group of individuals on a
certain issue(s). It is the guidance of an individual for proper direction into
a good part.
(5)
Implications: The
effect of something on another thing. The aftermath or outcome of something
done.
Constraints: This means limitation. Something that provides set
back to work being carried out.
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