ABSTRACT
The study
examined the influence of information communication technology on academic
performance of students at the University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. The
study reviewed relevant literatures in the following dimensions: Introduction,
the concept and nature of Information Communication Technology, the utilization
of Information Communication Technology (ICT), the problems inhibiting
utilization of Information Communication Technology, purpose of University
Education in Nigeria, the relevance/Role of Information Communication
Technology (ICT) in Improving Quality of University Education, Information
Communication Technology as a facilitator to teaching and learning and summary
of review. Four research questions
and four null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of
significance scores from the questionnaire administered to 160 sandwich
students at the University of Lagos, Akoka , Lagos State, in the Mainland Local
Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The percentage frequency counts were
used to analysis the bio-data and the research questions, while the Pearson
Product Moment Correlation and independent test statistical tools were used to
determine the level of relationship between sandwich studentship and
information communication technology (ICT). The findings include:
·
That there is a
perfect relationship between information communication technology and students’
academic performance at the University of Lagos.
·
That there is a
perfect relationship between information communication technology and students’
academic achievement at the University of Lagos.
·
It was indicated
in hypothesis three result that there is a significant difference between the
academic performance of students who were taught using the ICT and those taught
without ICT at the University of Lagos.
·
Finally, it found
that there is a significant gender difference in the academic performance of
students due to the use of ICT at the University of Lagos.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
Introduction/Background to the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 4
Purpose of the Study 6
Research Questions 7
Research Hypotheses
8
Significance of the study 8
Scope of the Study 10
Definition of Terms 10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 12
Introduction 13
The Concept and Nature of Information Communication
Technology 15
The Utilization of Information Communication Technology (ICT) 20
The Problems Inhibiting Utilization of Information Communication
Technology 24
Purpose of University Education in Nigeria 27
The Relevance/Role of Information Communication Technology
(ICT) in Improving Quality of University Education 28
Information Communication Technology as a Facilitator to
Teaching and Learning 29
Summary of Review 30
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32
Research design 32
Population 33
Sampling technique 33
Sample size 33
Research instrument 34
Validity and Reliability 34
Procedure for data collection 35
Procedure for data analysis 35
CHAPTER FOUR: Data Analysis and Presentation of
Results 36
Result Presentation 38
Hypothesis Testing 45
Summary of Findings 49
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Discussion of Findings, Implications,
Recommendations, Suggestions for Further
Research and Conclusion 50
Summary of Findings 50
Discussion of Findings 51
Implication of Results 59
Recommendations 60
Suggestion for Further Studies 63
Conclusion 63
References 65
Appendix 68
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
The predominant means of instruction has
traditionally been through verbal medium, either as spoken lecture or written
text. As more instructional resources of many different "media types become
available to students, especially the sandwich ones through the internet, there
is a need for educators to understand when these sources may be used
effectively for instruction, as well as a need for students to develop an
additional set of literacy skills in order to learn from these sources
(Anyakoha, 1990). This implies that, the medium of instruction being used in
the teaching and learning processes can either enhance the learning out-comes
of students in any subjects or mar the outcomes. According to Uzodinma (2000),
teachers have a significant role to play in the teaching and learning of the
students in any school system anywhere. This is because, the method of teaching
applied by the teacher in coaching the students, helps the student to excel in
the classroom.
Tyner (2000) argued that in the information age.
the concept of literacy has been simultaneously broadened and splinted into
many literacies in part because "the all purpose word literacy seems
hopelessly anachronistic, tainted with the nostalgic ghost of a fleeting
industrial age. The term information communication technology is among several
terms that have been associated with literacy to emphasize that literacy
extends beyond reading and writing the alphabetic codes, and should include a
variety of audiovisual forms of representation. This means that, the use of
audio-visual as a form of teaching in the classroom, is very effective in the
learning performance of the students in the Nigerian school system. Similarly,
audio-visual aids gives meaningful impetus to the teaching situation in the
classroom. This is because, the child learns more if what is taught in the
classroom is displayed to the child by the teacher, thereby buttressing the
Chinese saying that "what I see, I remember, what I hear, I forget'.
Therefore, to teach the child effectively, the teacher ought to apply the
audio-visual instrument which assists the vision of the child to see what the
teacher has displayed in the classroom for better understanding and comprehension
which by extension, compliment the learning performance of the child
(Nkemdirim, 2012).
Associating Information Communication Technology
(ICT) with the literacy also highlights a belief among many scholars and
educators that conceptions of literacy or studentship and how it is developed
should not focus exclusively on printed materials but should include electronic
media that have moved into the mainstream of communication especially at the
end of the twentieth century. The above statement shows that, for students to
improve on their learning performance in the classroom in any subject-matter,
the recent information communication technology should be used to teach the
child for more effective learning out-comes of the child. As Adeleke (2009)
puts it, the utilization of the modern equipment in teaching the child in the
classroom, especially the use of the computer, the audio-media which include
the audio-visual, the flannel boards, and other digital materials that assist
the teacher to teach more effectively in the classrooms .This means that, if
the teacher is very experienced and well trained, the application of the above
mentioned digital equipment, will help to express the main points of the
subjects in the classrooms. According to Anyanwu (2010), the application of
good methods of teaching, obviously enhances the learning effectiveness of the
sandwich student in any subject-matter. This also means that, the level at
which students learn in the classroom, is dependent on the kind of teaching
methods applied by the teacher in the classroom.
Implicit in these views is that research and
practice related to literacy must be transformed to accommodate new ways of
accessing, processing and using information by students generally and by the
sandwich students in particular (Aaron, 1997). Information encompasses a wide
range variety of things ranging from oral and printed words, figures,
statements, files and documents to such intangible elements as sound signals,
rays and waves. Whatever the form information takes, the essence of information
is that it conveys messages. The implication of the above statements is that,
the physical classroom teaching must be carried out by exemplifying the main
ingredients of the subject-matter in the classroom by the teacher.
Uzoma
(2007), is of the opinion that the use of printed words, sound signals,
figures, statements and other forms of information communication technology by
the classroom teacher, no doubt, will improve the learning performance of the
sandwich students at the University of Lagos and other higher institutions in
Nigeria. For the sandwich students to appreciate better the teaching in the
classroom, their teachers must apply effect teaching methods which include modern equipment which
help students to learn
effectively, especially the sandwich students. UNESCO (1979), defined
information simply as "set of data recorded in a methodical manner"
which includes: any item of knowledge capable of facilitating the operation of
a system; and any numerical or alpha-numerical quantity processed by the
machine, the aggregate of information constitutes the data and results of a
problem. (Adamson, 1998), claims that the term information technology refers to
the application of scientific knowledge in teaching and situations in any given
school system. Information communication technology, therefore can be defined
as the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictoral,
textual and numerical information by a micro-based combination of computing and
telecommunication.
For instance, Amaonye (2011) is of the opinion
that, the computer can be used as an instrument of solving arithmetic problems
such as addition, subtraction, division, and so on. It can be used to analyse
statistical data using Statistical Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS). In
addition, the computer is useful for direct learning in a classroom without the
presence of the teacher. This is referred to as Computer Assisted Instruction
(CAI). Related to this in the educational setting is that it does perform
administrative and managerial functions. With the use of the computer, sandwich
students can store and Retrieve a»d necessary information at will, and this
will necessarily improve their academic achievement in the school. Equally, the
use of the modern communication technology such as the computer, the electronic
mails, the world wide web (www), the news groups, the twitter, the you tube,
the facebook and so on, has widened the horizon of computer use for educational
research in the world today.
According
to Onwuamanam (2008), telecommunication is a special
kind of communication in which information is conveyed
over a long distance. Information communication technology (ICT) also refers to
the more efficient and effective way of storing, accessing and updating
information than processes involving paper. In the recent time, sandwich
students, most especially, have benefited from the use of information
communication technology (ICT) such as computer, television, telephone and the
internet as a veritable sources of information in their academic career or
pursuit. For instance, the sandwich students now use the internet to get
information that are necessary for carrying out their assignments or and
reading materials for their examinations or class tests or even for reading
purposes and entertainment.
Uzoma (1999) opined that sandwich students, and
most adolescents use the information communication technology especially the
internet to gather vital educational information or materials, register their
courses of study, check their results of JAMB, NECO, GCE, POST UME etc. Onuoha
(2000), posited that the advent of information technology has made education
more simple and easy for students especially, the students in the sandwich
studies at University of Lagos. Onuoha claimed that information communication
technology has helped sandwich students in many ways such as project writing
and collection of necessary information leading to effective studies. Onuoha
further stated that information communication technology has created a
remarkable -. balance and effectiveness in the daily activities of students
mostly the sandwich students who are in the habits of using the computer and
the internets to carry out faster storage and retrieval of information in the
academic environment or school. This has enabled the sandwich students to carry
out more robust and effective in the school, thereby creating a positive impact
on the academic achievement of the students (Brunno, 2006).
As Adelekunnu (1994) puts it, information
communication technology (ICT) can be used to assist sandwich students to get
along with others, thereby achieving self-reliance and educational success. Not
only that, information communication technology is capable of enabling the
sandwich students to socialize with their peers and associates in the academic
environment and at the home front. Alamezie (2003) opines that ICT materials
are capable of the sandwich students to excel in their academic career. Also,
it can help f ft them to achieve professional success and to
adhere to societal values and norms. With information technology, sandwich
students can achieve high academic laurels in school, especially at the
University of Lagos.
Statement of the Problem
The problems inherent in the use of ICT by
sandwich students cannot be overemphasized. This is because, information
communication technology seems to have corrupted students, especially, the
adolescents and even adults who are in sandwich studies. For instance, some
sandwich students are often seen glued for hours to the television and the
internet watching or viewing pornographic films or pictures that are capable of
bending their minds and distorting their dispositions. Studies carried out by
(Asobie, Achizie and Anywanwu., 1995), have shown that some sandwich students
who browse the internets often are more corrupt than those who do not.
Sandwich students who use the internet often or
watch the television involved in sexual promiscuity, examination malpractices,
stealing and other vices or indisciplines that are always carried out in the
school, especially at the University of Lagos. In recent times, many sandwich
students have been caught using Global System Mobile Network (GSM) phones to
carry out or perpetrate examination malpractices; to connect friends and
associates in crimes in order to excel in their examinations. This has shown
that, most sandwich students do not read or study their books or the materials
given to them for study, but rather depend on the information or other chips
from the internet to pass their examinations. The advent of information
communication technology has made many sandwich students so lazy that they
cannot carry out independent and meaningful academic work without recourse to
the internet or an external material to excel in their examinations at the
University of Lagos.
This researcher is of the opinion that the advent
of information communication technology has ingenuity of the sandwich students
and has caused them exhibit low academic performance in the school. Sandwich
students hardly crack their brains to do some meaningful academic work, but
always hope on the utilization of information received via the mail or the
internet. This has in any case lowered the standards of education in Nigeria in
the contemporary period.
The above identified problems gave rise to
examination of information communication technology and sandwich academic
performance in school
Research Objectives
The major purpose of this study is to carry out
an investigation on the sandwich students' academic performance and information
communication technology utilization at University of Lagos.
Other purposes include the following:
1. Examine whether information
communication technology has influence
on sandwich students' academic performance.
2. Assess whether
there is a
significant relationship between
information communication technology and students' academic failure.
3. Assess
whether sandwich students utilize ICT more often than the full- time students.
4. Determine whether there is gender
difference in the academic performance of students due to the use of ICT among
sandwich students.
Research
Questions
The following research questions were raised in this
study:
1. To
what extent can information communication technology influence the academic
performance of sandwich students?
2. Is there any relationship between information
communication technology and sandwich students' academic failure?
3. Do sandwich students use Information Communication Technology more
often than the full-time students at the University of Lagos?
4. Is
there any gender difference in academic performance of sandwich students due to
the use of information communication technology?
Research
Hypotheses
The under mentioned hypotheses were tested in this
study.
1. There
is no significant relationship between information communication technology and
students’ academic performance at the University of Lagos.
2. There
is no significant relationship between information communication technology and
students academic failure at the University of Lagos.
3. There
is no significant difference between the academic performance of students who
use ICT and those who did not.
4. There
is no significant gender difference in the academic performance of sandwich
students due to the use of ICT.
Significance
of the Study
This study will be beneficial to the following:
Sandwich students will benefit from the findings and
recommendations of this study because it will help them to be more aware of the
information communication technology in the school. This study will enable
students to get more involved in the utilization of information communication
technology due to the benefits derivable from it.
Teachers will find this study beneficial because they
would avail themselves of the opportunity to get involved in the use of
information communication technology because of the numerous benefits that can
be derived from it. It will also assist them in sourcing out relevant
information on what to teach in the school.
Parents would benefit from this study because it will
enable them to know the benefits their children/wards derive from using the
information communication technology in their academic work or activities.
Parents themselves, will avail themselves of the opportunity of knowing the
importance of information communication technology through this study and those
who do not use information communication technology would start to use it as it
is beneficial to all human activities.
The School Authority would to be able to know more
about information communication technology and its functions especially in the
life of the sandwich/full-time students. The recommendations of this study will
enable the school authority to expand its policy on the availability and usage
of information communication technology in the school system in Nigeria,
especially in Lagos State.
The society will benefit from this study, because the
general members of the society would derive knowledge of the use of information
communication technology. This study will also afford the society to know more
about information communication technology and its functions in the world
today.
Scope of the Study
This study covered the influence of information
communication technology utilization on students’ academic performance at the
University of Lagos, Akaka, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Definition
of Terms
Operational terms were defined in this study thus:
Sandwich Studentship: This refers to students who are
involved in sandwich studies. Students who were admitted without Joint
Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB).
Information technology – Information communication
technology is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal,
pictorial, textual and numerical information by a micro-based combination of
computing and telecommunication. It is the newest source of information
students applied in solving their academic problems in the schools.
Utilization – This is the making use of
information communication technology in solving academic problems by students
in tertiary institutions in Lagos State.
Assessment – This refers to the act of assessing
and valuing of information through the accessibility of materials derived from
ICT.
Evaluation – With information communication
technology, students and their teachers make important evaluation of the
material derive from ICT.
Acquisition – This refers to the act of acquiring
information necessary for academic work by students in the tertiary
institutions.
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