ABSTRACT

Student failure rates in Mathematics and related courses within Jigawa State Polytechnic have been a growing concern. It is crucial to identify the contributing factors and understand the underlying reasons behind this trend. By addressing this problem, educational institutions can develop effective strategies to improve student performance and reduce failure rates.

Understanding the factors associated with student failure in Mathematics and related courses is of great significance. This research will provide valuable insights to educational institutions, policymakers, and educators on how to enhance the teaching and learning processes. By identifying the challenges faced by students, appropriate interventions can be implemented to improve academic performance and overall educational outcomes.

Methodology (Chi-square)

The chi-square method will be employed to analyze the statistical data gathered from Jigawa State Polytechnic. This technique will help establish relationships between variables such as students' previous academic background, access to resources, teaching methodologies, and student success rates.

Hypothesis:

H0: There is no any relationship between students’ failure in Calculus and Algebra.    (Result: Rejected)

Explanation: The statistical analysis reveals a significant relationship between teaching methodologies and student performance. Effective teaching methodologies have a positive impact on student success rates.

 H1: There is significance relationship between students’ failure in Calculus and Algebra.  (Result: Accepted)

Explanation: The statistical analysis indicates a strong correlation between students' access to resources and their academic performance. Students with better access to resources tend to have higher success rates in Mathematics and related courses.

TABLE OF CONOTENTS

TITLE PAGE - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I

CERTIFICATION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -II

DEDICATION- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --11I

ACKNOWLEDGEME---------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV

TABLE OF CONTENT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------V

ABSTRACT. 8

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL   INTRODUCTION

1.0    Introduction. 9

1.1      Aim of Mathematics. 10

1.2      Statement of the Problem.. 11

1.4      Research Aim and Objectives. 11

1.5      Significance of the Study. 12

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0      Introduction. 15

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1      Introduction. 18

3.2      Location of the Study. 18

3.2    Objectives of the Jigawa State Polytechnic. 19

3.3      Department of Science Laboratory Technology. 20

3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques. 21

3.5 Method of Data Collection. 21

SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION.. 25

3.6 Method of Data Analysis. 25

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATTION AND INTERPRETATION

4.1      Steps Follow Students Data for Mathematics. 28

Step 4.1.1: Stating the Hypotheses. 28

Step 4.1.2: Choosing the Significance Level 29

Step 4.1.3: Collection and Organising of Data. 29

Step 4.1.4: Calculation of Expected Frequencies. 29

Step 4.1.5: Calculate the Chi-Square Statistic. 29

Step 4.1.6: Determination of the Degrees of Freedom.. 30

Step 4.1.7: Finding the Critical Value. 30

Step 4.1.8: Compare the Chi-Square Statistic with Critical Value. 31

Step 4.1.9: Interpretation of the Results. 31

4.2      Steps Follow for Students Data on Mathematics Related Courses. 31

Step 4.2.1: Stating the Hypotheses. 31

Step 4.2.2: Choosing the Significance Level 32

Step 4.2.3: Collection and Organising of Data. 32

Step 4.2.4: Calculation of Expected Frequencies. 32

Step 4.2.5: Calculate the Chi-Square Statistic. 32

Step 4.1.6: Determination of the Degrees of Freedom.. 33

Step 4.1.7: Finding the Critical Value. 34

Step 4.1.8: Compare the Chi-Square Statistic with Critical Value. 34

Step 4.1.9: Interpretation of the Results. 34

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1      Introduction. 36

5.2      Summary. 36

5.3      Suggestions as Avenues for Future Study. 37

5.4      Recommendations. 38

REFERENCES. 41

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Education is something, which makes a man self-reliant and self-less. Education is a process, which does all round harmonious development of the individual to modify his behavior, attitude and thinking. Education means training for the country and love for the nation. It plays a tremendous role in economic and social development and national integration of country. It includes all the knowledge and experiences, acquired during infancy, childhood, adolescence youth manhood and old age any agency of education. Education is a creation of a sound mind in a sound body. It is potentially, a guiding force in the life of every citizen. While educating an individual we not only educate the future man but also the entire human society as such after freedom so many attempts have made to give free and compulsory education to all the citizen up to the age of 14 years. But the output is not so much satisfactory and it appeared that all the children are not able to complete even their primary education. In the survey of the session 1988-89 the dropout rate was 43% in class V and up to 65% in VIII class. But increase up to 70% in class X. It does not appear to stop even XII class and also in higher class.  Education is the touchstone of the civilisation and culture of the country. It is an integral part and basis of human life. Education is as old as human existence and shall continue to function as long as the human race lives. It is an essential human virtue and man becomes man through education. According to Pesto Lozzi, Education is the natural harmonious and progressive development of mans innate power. Education is a process which does all round harmonious development of the individual to modify his behavior, attitude and thinking. Education means training for the country and love for the nation. It plays a tremendous role in economic and social development and national integration of country. Education is the need of all people, so many attempts have made to give free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years but the output is not so much satisfactory. There are many children who drop out the school due to many reasons; one of the main reasons of dropout the school is failure in Mathematics. Parents and society are responsible for this reason but for mathematic subject is an un-systematic, lengthy syllabus.

1.1       Aim of Mathematics

The aims of Mathematics is to develop practical value, disciplinary value and cultural values in the student addition, subtractions, multiplication, division, weighing, measuring, selling, buyi8ng and many more simple and fundamental processes of Mathematics which have got an immense practical value in life. The knowledge and skill in these processes can be provided in an effective and systematic manner with the help of Mathematics, education therefore needs inclusions of subjects that have practical value. The greater stress should be laid down on the teaching of the subject that can be helpful in practical life. The aim of the study of Mathematics is to teach modern mathematical theories, law and rules by understanding and observations of the daily and life current practices and problems. Students should be trained to apply law, theories and rules to day to day. Mathematics is a subject, which has a practical as well as value. Mathematics is very much helpful in solving the problems and practical problems of management of life, as life is full of complex problems.

1.2       Necessities of Mathematics

Is one of the most important subject which act as a bridge for all knowledge? In the changing world of competition there is a growing demand of the subject Mathematics. There is a definite need of Mathematics in any body’s lifelong planning and day-to-day planning. A mathematical approach is essential for any progress. Any approach devoid of mathematical considerations is likely to lead to failure. If any wants to make a success of his life, he must have resource of Mathematics. Mathematics is a tool of many other subjects and we can find another extension of the utilitarian aspect of the subject. The vital of all utilitarian Mathematics lies in the using of Mathematics. Mathematics develops the ability in counting, reading of members in a child. Mathematics develops the skills of reasonable speed, accuracy and neatness in oral and written computational work. Mathematics is intimately involved in every movement of every life. Right from human existence on this earth, it has been a faithful companion. In Mathematics Algebra was devised to simplify arithmetical computations. For measurement geometry was invented and developed and so on in the case of numerous other branches of Mathematics. Artistic Aspects of Mathematics Beauty of a piece of art depends on the manner in which it express truth Mathematics in knowledge of truth and realities. It is in itself a piece of fine art. It is a thing of beauty and for many it is a joy forever especially when they do not study it for examination purposes. In the artistic view by Helmholtz  The manipulations of artistic genius are but the unconscious expression of a mysteriously acting rationally. According to Bertland Russell  Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty  a beauty, cold and austere, like that of sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, without the gorgeous trappings of painting or music, yet sublimate pure and capable of a stren perfection such as a only the greatest art can show. Hence Mathematics provides a basis and background for aesthetic appreciation. Appreciation of rhythm, proportion, balance and symmetry postulates a mathematical mind. But the systematic study of these designs and orders of rhythms is fully the knowledge aspects of Mathematics. We cannot separate Mathematics from our daily life for every person. All the effects of nature are the mathematical results of unmovable or unchangeable laws of a small numbers. So we can say that even metaphysics numbers also required full knowledge of Mathematics.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

Lack of Understanding Many students are confused due to the complicated different mathematical signs and symbols. A student doesn't use the correct unit after solving a sum or the degree sign in geometric problems. Students failed math because of this misconception.

1.4       Research Aim and Objectives

The main aim of this research is to analyse data on students’ failure in mathematic related courses, with the following objectives.

1. To determine the year that recorded with the highest cases of failure in Mathematics and Related from 2015-2023.
2. To identify weather there is significant difference in Students failure based two courses.
3. To identify weather there is significant difference base on session

1.5       Significance of the Study

Research project should worth and urgency of the study. It should indicate clearly how the result of the research could influence educational theory. Mathematics is one of the most important subjects, which acts as a bridge for all knowledge. In the changing world of competition there is a growing demand of the subject Mathematics. The present study is to know the cause to failure in Mathematics at +2 stage and to check up the failure. The present investigation which seeks to identify the causes of failure in Mathematics among +2 stage students seems to be significant. It is expected that the study will reveal significant factors contributing towards the failure among +2 stage students and also helps in devising corrective measure with the help of present study. The causes of failure in the Mathematics can be identifying. Today the need is to great not a white collared people but a real engineer or technicians. The real engineers or technicians can be produced by stopping the failure in Mathematics. The present study is significant to know the causes of failure in Mathematics and help in devising corrective measures. There are so many reasons for the failure of students in special subjects like Mathematics. Parents and society in responsible for this reason but our educational system and unsystematic and lengthy syllabi is fully responsible for this problem. In most of the cases, it is noticed that the choices of academic session is not according to the interest of child but role of compulsion from parents and society which causes failure in Mathematics. The lack of academic environment in family also causes failure in Mathematics. Parents are not able to develop a healthy educational environment due to lack of education. They cannot realise the importance of education. Mostly the low level mental level students in responsible for this reason. Due to this problem student lacked behind day to day and causes of failure in examination.

1.6       Scope and Limitations of the Study

This research project work will be limited to Jigawa state polytechnic. Dutse local government, Jigawa State, Nigeria.

1.7 Research question

The specific research questions are:-

1. Are student background characteristics associated?

2. Are, other than previous grades, related to whether or not a Student receives a pass grade in Mathematics?

1.8 Hypothesis           

     H0: there is no relationship between variable A and B.

      H1: there is relationship between variable A and B.

1.9 Definition of terms

Meaning and Concept of Mathematics

 Mathematics is one of the languages of human life and certainly no more marvelous languages were ever created by the mind of man. Mathematics cut short the lengthy statements through its symbols, is free from verbosity, help the expression of ideas in an exact form and enable to understand and appreciate precision, brevity, sharpness, logical beauty and Mathematics. Mathematics fulfils the educational values such as practical disciplinary cultural, intellectual, more; aesthetic, social vocational, inter-disciplinary etc. in order to realise the educational values and instructional objectives of Mathematics, the subject must be practiced in class rooms by utilising the service of traditional methods, educational innovations and technological advancements. The views of Roger Becon about the concept of Mathematics. Mathematics is the gate and key of sciences. Neglected of Mathematics works injury to all knowledge, since he who is ignorant of it common now the other sciences or the things of the world and what is worse, men who are thus ignorant are unable to perceive their own ignorance and so do not seek a remedy. Thus for a long time, Mathematics was taught because of the training in discipline it was supposed to give to the learner. But now, this has grown a different attitude it. Out famous leader Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru has expressed his view related to mathematical aspects as: Mathematics is supposed to be a dull subject, but is increasingly recognised that it is of high importance in scientific developments today. Indeed, mathematical research has evidenced the horison of the human mind tenuously and has helped in the understanding, to some extent, of nature and the physical world. It is a vehicle of exact scientific thought. Hence, Mathematics, which is a science by any criterion and which right fully belongs to this group has not been accepted and emphasised as a sense. We can analyse that Mathematics is a science of digits or numbers as well as it is an art of computing.

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