TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
1.2 GENERAL USES AND IMPORTANCE OF MANGIFERA INDICA
1.3 MORPHLOGY OF MANGIFERA INDICA; THE TREE AND
ITS FLOWERS
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 MATERIALS
AND METHODS
2.1 MATERIALS
2.2 EQUIPMENTS AND APPARATUS
2.3 CHEMICAL REAGENTS
2.4 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING (QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS)
2.5 DETERMINATION OF SAPONIN
2.6 DETERMINATION OF ALKALOID
2.7 DETERMINATION OF TANINS
2.8 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT
2.9 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ASH
2.10 CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE
2.11 TEST FOR ANTHRACENE GLYCOSIDES
2.12 TERPENOIDS
2.13 pH
AT 200C (10%)
CHAPTER THREE
CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Origin: Mango (Mangifera indica) (Opioro) is
a native to Southern Asia especially Burma and Eastern India. It is a member of
cashew family (Anacardiacee) on of
the most important and widely cultivataed fruits of the tropic world.
Mango is considered as a king in
Indian delicacy. The roots and bark of mango Mangifera indica (Anacardiceae) are astringent , acrid,
anti-inflamatory and constipating.
The leaves and flowers are
refrigerant, styptic vulnerable and constipating dried or dehydrated products
of urine mango flesh in the form of peeled sliced or powder) is used as an
acidulant or a souring agent for curies.
The tree is evergreen, often reaching
50 to 60 and attaining great age.
Leaves are lanceolate, up to 12 inches
long, the flowers small, pinkish and franggrant, are borne in large ferminal
panicles. The fruits varies in seized and character, the smallest mangoes are
no longer than plums while others may weigh 4 to 5 pds. Its form is oval, oval
round, heart shape, kidney shape or long and slender. Some varieties are
beautifully coloured with shades of red and yellow, while other are dull green.
The single large seed is flattened,
the flesh that surrounds. It is yellow to orange in colour, juicy sweet and of
delicious spicy flavor, mangoes are a rich source of vitamin A, C and D, the
uripe fruit is acidic, astringent and antislobutic, the ripe fruit is
antislorbutic, diuretic laxative, anvigorating, flattening and astringent sum
slices ot unripe.
Fruit is very useful in scurvy. The
fried skin of the unripe fruit is given with sugar in menorhagia the fruit
juice increases sexual vigour and sexual strength. It cures impotency. The ripe
fruit is often used as a sexual tonic.
ADAPTATION
Mango
basically require a frost free climate. Flowers and small fruit can be killed
if temperature drops below 400C even for a short period. Young tree
may be seriously damaged.
GROWTH HABIT
Mango
tree make handsome landscape specimen and shade trees. They are fast growing with
sufficient heat.
SOIL
Mango
will grow in almost any well drained soil whether sandy, loamy or clay heavy
wet soil. A PH between 5 -7 and 7 – 5 is preferred. Mango needs a
deep soil to accommodate their extensive root systems.
IRRIGATION
Irrigation
should start when the weather warms.
CULTURE
The
mango grows to a good size and casts a dense shade, but the roots are not
destructive. It acquires full sun and perfect air drainage in winter.
It does best at the top or middle level of a slope if wind breaks should be
provided in exposed area. The trees may also need staking in the desert.
It needs the shade of other trees. Or
plant on the North side of the house in the garden plant against a south wall
or in an area surrounded by paying to provide maximum heat in the green house
full light and free air movement are important to avoid disease.
FRUITS
The
fruits grow at the end of long string like stem (the upper particle) with
sometimes two or more fruits to a stem. The fruits are 2 to 9 inches long and may
be kidney shape.
The flower scar at the apex is
predominantly in some cultivars plugging from the fruit.
The leathery skin is waxy and smooth
and when sap (ie) that is irritating to some people.
The quantity of the fruit is passed on
the scanty of fibre and animal turpentine taste.
The flesh of mango is peach like and
juice with more or less numerous fibres radiating from the hunk of the single
large kidney shaped seed. Fibres are more pronounced in fruits growth with
chemical fertilizers.
The flavor is pleasant and rich high
in acid and sugars. The seeds either have embryo producing one seeding or
piovembronic producing several seeding that are identical but not always true
to the same fruit.
Some seedlings produce numerous tiny
pathennocarpic fruit which fall to develop and abort mango trees tend to be
alternate bearing.
The mango fruit is a large, fleshy
drupe containing edible medocarp of varying thickness. It is resinous and
highly variable with respect to shape and size chlorophyll, carotenes,
anthocyanins and xanthophylls are all present in the fruit, although
chlorophyll disappears during ripening, where as authocyanins and carotenoids
increase with maturity.
Fruit colour at maturity is genotype –
dependent. Fruit of Bombay green is greenish – yellow, dasheshari goa and
Arumanis are yellow and Haden, Keih and Tommy Atkins have a striling red blush.
OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH
The
aims and objectives of this research are:
1. To
screen the flower and stalk of Mangifera
indica for the presence of phytochemicals of interest.
2. To
evaluate the anti-microbial eddiciency of the flower and stalt of Mangifera indica.
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
A lot
of researches have been done by various individuals on Mangifera indica , some of them are pointed out below:
1. Adeyemi:
investigated the pharmacological actions of cold aqueous extract of dried Mangifera indica seed. On cardiac
tissues and his result proved that the extract can be used to replenish salt
vitamins and energy after physical exercise.
2. Experiment
was carried out on the anti fungal activities of the Mangifera indica seed on cassia alata and it was that the extract
of the Mangifera indica are thought
too help stop bleeding.
3. Akidale
and Adeyemi investigated ethyl acetate extract of Mangifera indica using to
strengthen the heart.
The sedative anxiolytic muscle relaxant effect of ethyl
acetate seed ectract of Mangifera indica
was investigated by [4]
4. The
result showed that Mangifera indica support
its neurosedative use in traditional African medicine.
5. Lot
and Onkukaeme experiment on the pharmacological evaluation of Mangifera indica extract succeded in
revealing that Mangifera indica
contained saponin, flavonoid, Tanin, alkaloid, phenol, etc.
1.2 GENERAL USES AND IMPORTANCE OF MANGIFERA INDICA
Mangifera indica has
been of very great local importance to the Africans. The invention of science
and technology exposed man to its other useful importance.
Most
of the uses of Mangifera indica are
dicused below.
1.
Mango are full packed with vitamins, minerals
and anti-oxidant and contain like all the fruits very few proteins, fats and
calories.
2.
They are perfect to replenish salts, vitamins
and energy after physical exercise.
3.
It is mineral packed chemical free food that
has amazing benefits for the health.
4.
Dietary fibre has a protective effect against
degenerative disease, especially with regards to heart, may help prevent
certain types of cancer as well as lowering blood cholesterol level.
5.
The mango milk cure is an ideal treatment to
loss of energy and are also thought to help stop bleeding.
6.
Mango are used to strengthen the heart to
benefit the brain
7.
Taking mango regularly makes the complex fair
and the skin soft and shining.
8.
Feeding the power of dried kernel of mango seed
with fresh water cures the habit of eating soil in kinds.
9.
Mango is used in Indian spices as a souring
agent to provide the desired acidity in the various food recipes.[6]
1.3 MORPHLOGY OF MANGIFERA INDICA; THE TREE AND
ITS FLOWERS
The mango tree is believed to have evolved as a canopy layer
specie in the tropical rain forest of south and southeast Asia.
Mature specimens can attain a height
of 30m and can survive far more than 100 yrs.
The root system consist of a long,
vigorous taproot and abundant surface feeder roots.
The tree is an absorbent evergreen
tree with simple alternate, oblong ovate to oblong land ceolate leaves that are
spirally arranged and produced in flushers.
Its flowers are borne on terminal
pyramidal panicles, glabrous or pubescent the inflorescent is rigid and erect
and is widely branched, usually densely flowered with hundreds of small flowers
5-10mm.
The flowers are small monoecious and
polygamous. Both male and perfect flowers are found within a single in
florescent the pestil in male flowers.
The ratio of male perfect is strongly
influenced by environmental and cultural factors.
The flowers have four to five petals
that are oblong to avoid land ceolate and also thirty pubescent.
The floral disc is four to five lobed,
fleshy and large, and located above the bases of the petals.
There are five large fleshy nectarines
that form a five lobbed receptacle.
Although there are four to five
stamensiously one or two of them are fertile the remainder is sterile stamindes
that are surrounded by a small gland.
In addition, to three small filaments arise
from the lobes of nectarines. It is believed that the flower are cross
pollinated by fillies.
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