PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER FROM UMUOKWU RIVER IN UMUDIKE IKWUANO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ABIA STATE.

ABSTRACT

Streams, rivers and water bodies are known to pollution problems from improper waste and management systems. In this study the physicochemical and microbiological assessment of Umuokwu River, in UmudikeIkwuano Local Government Area of Abia State was carried out. An autoanalizer and cultural based techniques was used to determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water samples from Umuokwuriver. The results show the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species and Pseudomonas species. Physicochemical analysis showed the presence of total solids (37mg/l), Chloride (48mg/l), Carbondioxide (14mg/ml), Cadmium (0.019mg/l), Vinyl chloride (Nil), Magnesium (0.018mg/ml), Iron (Nil), Lead (0.152mg/l), dissolved solids (37mg/l); had a total hardness of (0.042mg/l),pH of (4.45 mg/l),total alkalinity (22mg/l) and was clear and odourless. The results show that Umuokwu River is unfit for human consumption. Therefore, I recommend that both governments at all levels and even individuals should try as much as possible to ensure use of properly treated river waters and management of waste disposal.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgment                                                                                                                   iv

Table of contents                                                                                                                    v

List of tables                                                                                                                           ix

Abstract                                                                                                                                  x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION       

1.1       Background                                                                                                                1

1.2       Aim and Objectives                                                                                                    2

1.2.1    Aim                                                                                                                             2

1.2.2    Objectives                                                                                                                   2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature Review                                                                                                       3

2.1       Rivers                                                                                                                          3

2.1.1    Sources of River Water                                                                                               3

2.1.2    Uses of River Water                                                                                                   3

2.2       Physical Parameters of River Water                                                                           4

2.2.1    The pH                                                                                                                        4

2.2.2    The Temperature                                                                                                         5

2.2.3    The Turbidity                                                                                                              5

2.2.4    The Conductivity                                                                                                        6

2.2.5    The Alkalinity                                                                                                             6

2.3       Chemical Parameters of River Water                                                                          7

2.3.1    Dissolved Oxygen (Do)                                                                                              8

2.3.2    Nitrate                                                                                                                         8

2.3.3    Phosphate                                                                                                                    9

2.3.4    Chloride                                                                                                                      10

2.3.5    Potassium                                                                                                                    12

2.3.6    Calcium                                                                                                                       13

2.3.7    Sodium                                                                                                                        13

2.3.8    Magnesium                                                                                                                  15

2.4       Microbiological Parameters of River Water                                                                16

2.4.1    Bacteria                                                                                                                       16

2.4.2    Fungi                                                                                                                           17

2.4.3    Parasites                                                                                                                      17

2.5       Effects of Polluted Water Bodies on human health                                                   18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and Methods                                                                                               20

3.1       Study Area and Sampling Techniques:                                                                       20

3.2       Isolation                                                                                                                      20

3.3       Identification of the Isolated Organisms                                                                    21

3.3.1    Gram Staining                                                                                                             21

3.3.2 Catalase Test                                                                                                                  21

3.3.3    Coagulase Test                                                                                                            21

3.3.4    Indole Test                                                                                                                  22

3.3.5    Methyl Red Test                                                                                                         22

3.3.6    Oxidase Test                                                                                                               22

3.3.7    Voges-Proskauer Test                                                                                                 22

3.3.8    Carbohydrate Fermentation Test                                                                                23

3.3.9    Urease Test                                                                                                                 23

3.3.10  Motility Test                                                                                                               23

3.4       Physicochemical Analysis                                                                                           23

CHAPTER 4

4.0 Results                                                                                                                              24

CHAPTER 5

5.0       Discussion                                                                                                                   29

5.1       Conclusion and Recommendation                                                                              30

References                                                                                                                  31

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES                                                                                                                                PAGE

1:                     Cultural, Gram staining and Biochemical characteristics

of bacteria isolated and identified.                                                                 25

2:                     Characteristics of fungi isolated from the sample.                                         26

3:                     Bacterial and Fungal colonial counts.                                                             27

4:                     Physicochemical parameters of river water                                                     28

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION   

1.1       Background:

Water pollution is a major global problem which requires on evolution and revision of water resource policy at all levels. And it has been suggested course of death and disease accounting for the death of more than 14,000 people daily (Moss, 2008). In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries developed countries also continues to struggle with pollution problems. For instance, in the most recent national report on water quality in the united states, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64 percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of assessed bags and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted (Di-Luzio, 2000)

Based on the origin, sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories: point sources and non-point sources water pollution. Point source water pollution are contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. And examples of sources in this category are discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain (Moss, 2008). Non-point source water pollution are diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. It is the cumulative effect of small amount of contaminants gathered from a large area. An example of non point source water pollution is the leaching out of Nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands (Moss, 2008). Another example of non point source water pollution is the nutrient runoff in storm water from sheet flow over an agricultural filed or a forest.

For an organism to survive, water is very essential. Human body is made up of approximately 70% by water was (Enger and Smith, 2004). However, the inability of water to be hundred percent (100%) pure (Nsi, 2007), due to these human activities such as agriculture, mining, urbanization and industrialization (Sumati and Manonmani, 2016), make surface water unsafe for use.

River water is also effected by water pollution from domestic sewage and industrial effluents. As a result, a lot of diseases in the world today have been linked to drinking and use of polluted waters, with diarrhea as the most consequence (Wright et al., 2004).

1.2       Aim and objectives:

1.2.1    Aim

The aim of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological quality of Anamgbo River in Isuochi, Umunneochi Local Government Area in Abia State.

1.2.2    Objectives

Ø  To determine the physicochemical composition of the water source

Ø  To isolate, characterize and identify the various microorganisms in the water sample.

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