TABLE
OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Title
page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table
of contents v
List
of Tables x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study 1 Statement of the Problem
4
Purpose
of the Study 5
Research
Questions 6 Research
Hypotheses 6
Significance
of the Study 7
Scope of the Study 8
Operational
Definition of Terms 9
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Concept
of Parental Childrearing Styles 11
Concept of Adolescence 15
Childrearing Styles on in-School
Adolescents’ Deviant Behaviour 16
Theoretical Framework 22
Empirical Review 26
Summary of Literature of Review 29
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Preamble
30
Research
Design 30
Population,
Sample and Sampling Techniques 30
Instrumentation 31
Validity 31
Reliability
32
Method
of Scoring 32
Administration
of the Instrument 32
Method
of Data Analysis 33
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND
RESULTS
Data
analysis, Presentation and Results 34
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Preamble
41
Discussions 41
Conclusions 42
Implications 43
Recommendation 43
References 44
Appendix 48
ABSTRACT
This research work
is carried out in order to investigate childrearing
styles on in-school adolescent deviant bevehaviour in Ilorin metropolis. This study sought to determine the parenting
childrearing styles on in-school adolescent on the basis on democratic, authoritarians, authoritative and laise
faire styles (Ilorin metropolis). A self-developed questionnaire tagged
questionnaire on parenting childrearing styles on in-school adolescent
deviant bevehaviour (PCRTSADB)) was used to collect data from the
respondents for the study. Five research hypotheses were formulated and tested
at 0.05 alpha level of significance, data collected were analyzed through
analysis of variance (ANOVA). From the finding, the study revealed
that parental childrearing style can
influence in-school adolescents to deviant behavior when children are not
allowed to do wrong thing, the wishes of children are treated with maturity and
when the children are allowed to express their feelings among others and there
were no significant differences in the influence of parental childrearing on in-school
adolescent deviant behaviour in Ilorin metropolis on the basis of gender,
educational qualification, age, religion and family type. Therefore, the
following recommendations
were made that
counsellors should develop strategies to handle influence
of parental childrearing style on in-school adolescent deviant behaviour in
Ilorin Metropolis and counsellor should
encourage the formation of club that will promote safe and responsible of
children against deviant behaviour (peer counselling)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
Education
is the medium by which an individual achieves success in his/her life, in the
society and in the world, and it lays the foundation of personality (Kumar,
2017). According to the Mauritian Ministry of Education and Human Resources
(2014), the secondary school provides an education that enables the fulfilment
of the four pillars of the Delors Report, namely learning to know, learning to
do, learning to be, and learning to live together. It should also provide the
adolescent student with the necessary skills that allow him/her to adjust
easily and smoothly to the rapid physical, emotional, mental and social changes
(Garcia & Santiago, 2017).
Indeed,
every child is unique in itself and has its own pace of growth and development.
As the child grows up, his emotions and social functioning changes and
continues till adolescence. Adolescence is that critical period of human
development during which rapid biological, psychological and social changes
take place. This period marks the end of childhood and sets the foundation for
maturity. Adolescence is defined as the period of transition between childhood
to adulthood that involves biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes.
During this period, parents expect more self-regulation and initiative at the
very time that their early teenagers are beginning to experiment with all kinds
of risky behaviors (Barber, 2002). Anecdotal evidence and self-report data
suggest that, children seem to become progressively self-conscious and
concerned with other people's opinions as they go through puberty and the
period of adolescence (Steinberg, 2011).
Adolescents
begin to assert more autonomous control over their decisions, emotions and
actions, and start to disengage from parental control. At the same time, the
school context involves an intense socialization process during which
adolescents become increasingly aware of the perspectives of classmates,
teachers and other societal influences (Berzonsky and Adams, 2003). Right from
infancy, children learn and acquire traits and behaviours that they exhibit
throughout their life time. During socialization, parents and significant
others in the society endeavour to form children in such a way as to make them
acquire worthwhile virtues cherished by the society. It is believed that there
are some roles that are better performed by parents which children tend to
accept most readily than any other person in their life. Since parental roles
are essentially formative, their influence in the socialization of children
cannot be over-emphasized. Researchers are of the view that the type of family
a child comes from and the parenting style of the child’s parents is likely to
influence the child’s social behaviour (Olds & Papilia, 2011; Baltus, 2012).
One of the basic components of the society is the family. The family is the
first institution of the socialization and from where the child learns
cooperation and other social skills. This is the first family unit for the
child.
According
to Macionis & Plummer (2007), a family unit is a social group of two or
more people related by blood or adoption that usually live together.
Individuals are born into a family. Eke (2000) defined a family as a social
unit or group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation and
reproduction. The family therefore includes adults of both sexes, two of whom
maintain a socially approved sexual relationship with one or more children
biologically owned or adopted. Berndth (2007) stated that, the single parent
family has been one of the fastest growing types in most parts of the world.
Single parent family has come into existence as a result of divorce,
dissertation, death, separation and out-of-wedlock births. Children from such
families may suffer from guilt and loneliness, feelings of anger to mention a
few. Young ones in single parent families’ contend with intense emotions due to
their parents’ abrupt departure or death. For many adolescents, the absence of
one of the parent’s seems to have profound negative effect on them. Another
family type is the stepparent family, Berndit (2007) pointed out that, this
type of family comes into existence as a result of either a parent’s divorce or
death. He further stated that children in this type of family are found not to
be well adjusted at school. They manifest behaviour problems and perform poorly
at school, and their behaviour is like those of single parent families. The
Children tend to react negatively if one of their divorced parents remarries
and they become part of a new family described as step family. Problem arises
because children at this stage of development are expected to be under
authority to be carefully monitored. Also in step parent’s family, monitoring
is inadequate; the children suffer from a number of behavioural disorders
(Berndit, 2007).
Parenting
styles are persistent approaches, strategies and standards parents use in
bringing up their children. They involve how parents respond to children’s
psychological and material needs, and what parents’ demands from their
children. Parenting styles are unique and evolve as children develop their
personalities (Eriega, 2014; Collins as cited in Olds and Papilia, 2011). Most
of the studies on parenting styles have emphasized that the kind of parenting
style adopted by parents has monumental impact on children’s attitude, academic
achievement, social life and career choice (Maccoby & Martin 2013). This
underscores why children raised in entirely different environments with the
same kind of parenting tend to exhibit similar characteristics and behaviours.
Different parenting styles produce different characteristic traits of children
including those demonstrated at school. Research suggests that parenting styles
and the quality of a parent and adolescent relationship may have an impact on
the social development of adolescents.
An
adolescent’s emotions, autonomy, achievement, and identity are all brought
about by the parenting style adopted by the adolescent’s parent. The manner in
which children are raised is crucial to their total development. The way
parents respond to children’s needs and relate with them has a tremendous
impact in the development of their personality and their interaction with
society resulting to deviant behaviour. Angel (2015) opined that deviant
behaviour is any behaviour that lacks conformity and acceptability of people in
the society.
Deviant behaviour describes an action or
behaviour that significantly contravene from the accepted or prescribed norms
of a given society or school. It is a deviation that attracts punishment or
sanctions in the society or school. Diche (2016) posited that deviant behaviour
is a behaviour that violates the laid down rules and regulations of a given
organization or group. He also emphasize that deviant behaviour is a common
phenomenon in the life of every human being but, stress that it is rampant
among students in schools which has led them in joining secrets cults, and
other heinous crimes in the school. Against this background, this study
examines the influence of parenting childrearing styles on in-school adolescent
deviant bevehaviour in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State.
Statement of the Problem
Overtime,
it is observed that majority of children are engage in deviant behaviour due to
parenting childrearing styles of many homes. It is on the duty of every
reasonable parent to address the changing behaviour of their children. High
increase in deviant behaviour high rate of early school dropouts in both girls
and boys, increase in street children and high rate of crime, both in towns and
rural settings, can be linked to poor parental childrearing in the early child
development (White, 2000). It was also established that majority of the
children involved in deviant behaviour, seem to be either staying alone or may
be staying far from their families, with their peers. Additionally, they also
opt to engage in detrimental lifestyles of drugs, alcoholism, and sexual
crimes.
Melgosa,
(2002) noted that alcoholic parents with criminal behaviour are strict, too lax
or inconsistent with problematic relationships which favour delinquent
behaviour in children. Few attempts have been made to clearly outline the major
causal factors. Legal framework to substitute the ban on corporal punishment as
the problem of indiscipline among students is getting out of hand (Kweyu,
2006.). Little however, has been done to identify the most significant factors,
which would enable advocates to arrive at more comprehensive measures to
address the problem. Additionally, little research has been done on parenting
styles as a factor in deviant behaviour in Nigeria. Since children’s behaviour
is greatly influenced by others (parents, teachers and peers). The gap this
study intends to fill is that little studies have carried out in Ilorin
metropolis on aspect of parenting childrearing styles on in-school adolescent
deviant behaviour. Against this background, this study examines the influence
of parenting childrearing styles on in-school adolescent deviant bevehaviour in
Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State.
Research Questions
The
following research questions were formulated to guide the study.
1. What
is the influence of parental childrearing styles on in-school adolescent
deviant bevehaviour?
2. Is there any significant difference in
influence of parental childrearing values expected of adolescent against
deviant bevehaviour on bases of gender?
3. Is
there any significant difference in influence of parental childrearing values
expected of adolescent against deviant bevehaviour on bases of education
qualification?
4. Is
there any significant difference in influence of parental childrearing values
expected of adolescent against deviant bevehaviour on bases of age?
5. Is
there any significant difference in influence of parental childrearing values
expected of adolescent against deviant bevehaviour on bases of type of school
6. Is
there any significant difference in influence of parental childrearing values
expected of adolescent against deviant bevehaviour on bases of type of family?
Research Hypotheses
In
other to examine the influence of parenting childrearing styles on in-school
adolescent deviant bevehaviour in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State. The
following null hypotheses are formulated to guide the study.
1:
There is no significance difference in the influence of parental childrearing-on-in-school
adolescent of deviant bevehaviour on the basis of gender.
2: There is no significance difference in
the influence of parental childrearing on-in-school
adolescent of deviant bevehaviour in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State on the
bases of qualification
3. There is no
significance difference in the influence of parental childrearing in-on -school
adolescent of deviant bevehaviour on the basis of type of school
4.
There is no significance difference in the influence of parental childrearing
in-on -school adolescent of deviant bevehaviour based on age
5.
There is no significance difference in influence of parental childrearing
values expected of adolescent against deviant bevehaviour on bases of type of
family
Purpose of the Study
The
main purpose of this study is to examine the influence of parenting childrearing styles on in-school adolescent
deviant bevehaviour in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State.
Significance of the Study
The
findings of this study would be useful to parents, students, government,
counselors and those that see parental childrearing styles on in-school
adolescent deviant behaviour as an important element.
The
finding will help parents to understand why it is crucial to train and moderate
children behaviour so as to prevent them from being involved in deviant
behaviour when they grow up. Looking at the crime statistics, it appears to be
on the upward trend and this would be worrying both to the parents and
Government authorities. The study would
therefore help in equipping and provide knowledge and skills to parents in
order to assist them in effective parenting. It would also provide parents with
theoretical framework on issues related to parental childrearing styles on
deviant behaviour of children.
Moreover,
the outcome of the study would be useful to students from an act such as
deviant activities and behaviour against parental styles in Ilorin Metropolis. The
finding of this study would also serve as instrument for counselors to use in
solving problems relating to parental childrearing on in- school adolescent
deviant behavior among students in Ilorin Metropolis and beyond. i.e it will
help to create discipline in the life of adolescents. When this is done there
will be sanity, peace and order, which will enhance the moral tone of the
school as well as the society. It will also help the counselor to know the
right technique to adopt in modifying negative deviant behaviou. To the
teacher-the teacher will equally benefits from the finding of the study because
the finding will help them know what is expected of them as they are role
model.
Finally,
the finding of this study would be useful to government on the need to put in
place mechanisms that would prevent deviant behaviour among adolescent on
parental childrearing styles in Ilorin metropolis. Finally, the results of the
work will be of great help to future researchers. This will be a source of
research materials or empirical data for them.
Scope of the Study
This
study covers the influence of parental childrearing styles on in-school
adolescent deviant bevehaviour in Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State. Parent and
adolescent in Ilorin metropolis would be used for the study. Different parental
styles, accepted bahavioural values and people to consult in development of
better behaviour on in-school adolescent deviant behaviour would be covered in
the study. The population for this study parents and adolescent in Ilorin
Metropolis. Due to the nature of this study, the actual population could not be
ascertaining as the target population are in different place and some may not
to what to be available for the study. Simple random sampling technique would
be use to select 100 people for the study
Operational Definition of Terms
Parental styles: Parenting
styles are persistent approaches, strategies and standards parents use in
bringing up their children in Ilorin Metropolis
Adolescence: Adolescence
is defined as the period of transition between childhood to adulthood that
involves biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes in Ilorin
Metropolis
Deviant behaviour: Deviant
behaviour is any behaviour that lacks conformity and acceptability of people in
the society.
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