EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF MONODORA MYRISTICA (AFRICAN NUTMEG)

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to identify the phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Monodora  myristica seed extract. Phytochemicals such as alkaloid, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, phenol, arthracyanin and cyanogenal glycoside were detected on different extract of the seed such as water, methanol, ethanol and acetone and result indicated the presence of these phytochemicals in their right proportion except for acetone extract which did not indicate the presence of saponin. Antibacterial activity conducted on the various extracts of the seed such as; water, ethanol, methanol and acetone indicated inhibition. Bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Eschrichia coli were used as the test organisms. Methanol extract of Staphylococcus aureus  indicated the highest inhibition of 17.33mm, while water extract of eschrichia coli indicated the lowest inhibition of 8.66mm. the minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of the seed extract ranges from 100─200mg/ml. antioxidant assay was carried out using three methods; DDPH scavenging spectrophotometric method, chelating method and the ferric ion reducing activity. In the scavenging method, the percentage scarvenging antioxidant ranges from 37.68%─ 48.91%, while the chelating method ranges from 33.33%─44.72% and the reducing method ranges from 26.89%─46.06%. since the crude extract was able to inhibit the growth of organisms, this study validates the use of Monodora myristica in herbal medicine.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                    i

Certification                                                                                                                ii

Dedication                                                                                                                   iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                    iv

Table of contents                                                                                                        v

Lists of Tables                                                                                                            vii

Abstract                      

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                        1

1.1       Aims                            3                                                                   

1.2      Objectives                                                                                 3

CHAPTER TWO 

2.0      Literature Review                                                                                            5

2.1       General descriptive of Monodra myristica                                                     5

2.2       Health benefit                                                                                                 7

2.3       Phytochemical                                                                                                8

2.4      classes of phytochemical                                                                     8

2.5       Antimicrobial                                                                                                13

2.6       Test organisms                                                                                              14

2.7       Antioxidant                                                                                                   17

CHAPTER THREE 

3.0       Materials and Methods                                                                                   18

3.1      Materials                                                                                                        18

3.2.1    Methods                                                                             18

3.2.2    Phytochemical Screening                                                                               18

3.2.3    Phytochemical Determination                                                                        21

3.2.4     Antimicrobial Screening                                                                                 27

3.3       Antimicrobial Testing                                                                                    29

3.4       Determination of MIC                                                                                                29

3.5       Antioxidant                                                                                                    30

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                            31

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation                                              42

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                       42

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                      44

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                            45

References                                                                                                      46

            Appendices                                                                                                    

LIST OF TABLES

Tables                                                 Titles                                         Pages

1     Preliminary phytochemical screening of Monodora myristica seed extract            32         

     2    Phytochemical content of extractsof Monodora myristica                         35       

     3          Antibacterial  Activity of extracts of Monodora myristica                        36                                                       

     4           Minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of Monodora myristica  seed extracts.                     37                                                           

     5            Antioxidant activity of Monodora myristica seed extract                        41                               

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Plant use for the maintenance of good health is well documented by Edeoga and Eriata, 2001. Reports have shown that, based on many modern pharmaceuticals used today for the treatment of various aliments are plants and plant based products (Kamba and Hassan, 2010). Plants have been generally used worldwide for the treatment of diseases. About 80% of the World’s populations rely on plant based medicine for their health care (WHO, 2001).  Report, observed that the majority of the population in the developing countries still depend on herbal medicine to meet their health need. The use of plants or their products to meet societal health need stems from the fact that indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly utilized in the treatment of infectious diseases has led to the development of multiple drug resistance (Gupta et al., 2008), the adverse effect on host associated with the use of convectional antibiotics (Gupta et al., 2008), the safety and cost effectiveness of the use of plants in traditional as well as in modern medicine (Koche et al., 2011) and high cost, adulteration and increasing toxic side effects of these synthetic drugs (Shariff, 2001). Thus the need to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs from medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious diseases has been advocated due to the fact that antimicrobials of plant origin have been found to have enormous potentials. Furthermore, the work of Perumalsamy and Ignacimuthu (2000), indicated that antimicrobials from plant from origin are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases and on the other hand, simultaneously mitigates many side effects that are linked with synthetic antimicrobials. Many of these indigenous plants contain bioactive compounds that exhibit physiological activities against bacteria and other microorganisms and are also used as precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs. Thus the usefulness of these plant products in medicine is due to the presence of bioactive substances such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, resins and other secondary metabolites which they contain and are capable of producing definite physiological action in the body (Bishnu et al., 2009; Edeoga et al.,2005). Phytochemicals are known to carry out important medicinal roles in the body. Alkaloids are known to have a powerful effect on animal physiology. They play some metabolic role and control development in living system (Edeoga and Eriata, 2001). They are also used as starting materials in the manufacture of steroidal drugs and carryout protective function in animals, thus are used as medicine especially steroidal alkaloids. Isolated plant alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives are used as basic medicinal agent for their analgesic; antispasmodic and antibacterial effect (Ogukwe et al., 2004). Flavonoids are known to carryout antioxidant, protective effects and inhibit the initiation, promotion and progression of tumors. Isoflavones, some kind of flavonoids are phytoestrogen which effectively modulate estrogen levels in human (Okwu and Omodamiro, 2005). A type of flavonoid anthocyanin helps in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, hyperlipidemias and other chronic diseases (de Pascual-Teresa and Sanchez-Ballesta, 2008). Phenolic compounds in plants are potentially toxic to the growth and development of pathogens. Research reports also show that phenolic compounds carry out potent antioxidant activity and wide range of pharmacological activities which include anticancer, antioxidant and platelet aggregation inhibition activity (Rein et al., 2000). Saponins play essential roles in medicine. These include serving as expectorant and emulsifying agent (Edeoga et al., 2009) and having antifungal properties (Osuagwu et al., 2007). Tannins are reported to inhibit pathogenic fungi. They are also associated with many human physiological activities such as stimulation of phagocytic cells and host mediated tumor activity and a wide range of infective actions. Steroid containing compounds are of importance in pharmacy due to their role in sex hormones (Okwu, 2001). Steroids such as equine estrogen are implicated in the reduction of risks of coronary heart and neurodegenerative diseases in healthy and young postmenopausal women (Perrella et al., 2003). At low concentration tannins show antimicrobial, cytotoxic and astringent properties (Ijeh et al., 2004).

The phytochemical screening of some plants has been carried out and they are found to be rich in alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and tannins (Iniaghe et al., 2009). The antimicrobial activities of plants have been reported (Arshad et al., 2010). They are therefore used in the treatment of many diseases such as rheumatism, diarrhea, malaria, elephantiasis, cold, obesity, dysentery, high blood pressure, malnutrition, gonorrhea and others (Akuodor et al, 2010). Monodora myristica, is a tropical tree of Annonaceae family. Its seeds are widely sold as inexpensive nut Meg substitute. M. myristica tree can reach a height of 35 m and 2 m in diameter at breast height. The fruit is a berry of 20 cm in diameter and is smooth green and spherical and later become woody. It is attached to a long stalk which is up to 60 cm long. Inside the fruit, the numerous oblongoid, pale brown 1.5 cm long seeds are surrounded by a whitish fragment pulp. The seeds contain 5.9 % colourless essential oil. The plant parts have many medicinal values which are going to be considered in this study.

1.1       AIM

The main aim of this research work is to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the Monodora myristica (African nutmeg).

1.2       OBJECTIVES

-To evaluate the antibacterial activities of Monodora myristia (African Nutmeg) on human pathogens.

-To determine the antioxidant potential of the various extracts

-To determine the phytochemical composition of the extracts

-To extract the active components using different solvents (water, ethanol, ethanol and acetone).

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