ABSTRACT
This work was aimed at evaluating microbial contamination on tool used in hair barbing saloons. Hundred and twelve (112) samples were collected from different locations using a moistened swab sticks and processed according to standard procedures. Results showed bacteria load of hair barbing equipment in Umuahia in all the samples ranges from 9.67x105cfu/ml to 1.00x105. Bacteria load in Umudike in all the samples ranges from 9.67x105cfu/ml to 1.00x105cfu/ml. Fungi load in Umuahia ranges from 8.67x104cfu/ml to 1.33x104cfu/ml. Umudike fungi load ranges from 9.00x104cfu/ml to 1.33x104cfu/ml respectively. The percentage occurrence of bacterial isolated were Staphylococcus specie (80.3%), Bacillus species (73.77%), Streptococcus species (66.63%), Micrococcus species (45.23%), Escherichia coli (29.18%). Four fungi were isolated; they include Yeast (70.21%), Aspergillus species (51.80%), Microsporum specie (42.25%), Trichophyton species (33.42%). This microorganism are involved in a number of diseases in barbing saloons and it is recommended that personal services of public health and environments should be strictly controlled.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification
ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table
of contents v
List
of tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims
and objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature
Review 3
2.1 Tinea 5
2.1.1 Tinea Capitis 6
2.1.2 Tinea pedis or athlete's
foot 8
2.1.3 Tinea
cruris 9
2.1.4 Tinea
unguium 9
2.1.5 Tinea
barbae 10
2.1.6 Tinea
faciei 10
2.1.7 Tinea
incognito 11
2.1.8 Tinea
nigra 11
2.2 Treatment
of Dermatophytosis 12
2.2.1 Polyenes 12
2.2.2 Natamycin 12
2.2.3 Amphotericin
B 12
2.2.4 Ketoconazole 13
2.2.5 Traconazole 13
2.2.6 Polyhexamethylene
biguanide 13
2.2.7 Silver
sulfadiazine 13
2.3 Natural
remedies to fight dermatogens 14
2.4 Use
of keratinase to tackle dermatogens 15
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials of methods 17
3.1 Collection of samples 17
3.2 Media
preparation 17
3.3 Isolation
and Identification of bacteria 17
3.4 Identification
of bacterial isolates 18
3.4.1 Gram
stain 18
3.4.2 Flagella
stain 19
3.4.3 Spore
stain 19
3.5 Lactophenol
cotton blue stain 19
3.6 Subculturing
of isolates 20
3.7 Biochemical
tests 20
3.7.1 Catalase
Test 20
3.7.2 Oxidase
test 21
3.7.3 Coagulase test 21
3.7.4 Urease
Test 21
3.7.5 Indole
Test 22
3.7.6 Methyl
Red-Voges Proskauer Test 22
3.7.7 Citrate
Utilization Test 22
3.8 Sugar
fermentation tests 23
3.9 Determination
of prevalence 23
3.10 Statistical
analysis 23
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 24
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Discussion,
recommendation and conclusion 36
5.1 Discussion 36
5.2 Recommendation 39
5.3 Conclusion 39
References 40
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title
Page
1: Characteristics of Bacteria Isolate
from Hair barbing Equipments 26
2: Characteristics of Fungi Isolated in
Hair Barbing Equipment 27
3: Bacteria Load of Hair Barbing
Equipment in Umuahia (x105cfu/ml) 28
4: Bacteria Load of Hair Barbing
Equipment in Umudike (x105cfu/ml) 29
5: Fungi Load of Hair Barbing Equipments in
Umuahia (x104cfu/ml) 30
6: Fungi Load of Hair Barbing Equipments in
Umudike (x104cfu/ml) 31
7: Percentage Occurrence of Bacteria
Isolates in Hair Barbing Equipment 32
8: Percentage Occurrence of Fungi
Isolates in Hair Barbing Equipments 33
9: Diameter of Zones of Inhibitions
(mm) of Bacteria 34
10: Diameter of Zones of Inhibitions
(mm) of Fungi 35
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Infections
caused by fungi in humans and animals are common throughout the world.
Dermatophytoses pose a serious concern to the sociologically backward and
economically poor population of India. Dermatophytoses are superficial
infections of keratinised tissue caused by organism of three genera of fungi
known as dermato-phyton (Bhadauria et al.,
2001). The dermatophytes represent more than 40 closely related species
classified in three genera: Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton.
Only a few of these species are responsible for most human fungal infection
(Wagner and Sohnle, 1995). Skin infection due to dermatophytes has become a
significant health problem affecting children, adolescent and adults. Recently,
there has been an increase in the incidence of fungal infections in developing
countries. This may be the result of frequent usage of antibiotics,
environmental condition, immuno-suppressive drugs and various conditions, like
organ transplantation, lymphomas, leukemia and human immunodeficiency virus
(Petmy et al., 2004). In the present
day living conditions, human and animal (domesticated) live their lives in
close proximity to one another and are housed under the same roof or sleep on a
common floor. In such a situation, skin and other infections are contracted
easily and are perpetually multiplied. Fungal etiological infections in human
are frequently observed during those seasons of the year when the environmental
temperature and relative humidity are high (Karmakar et al., 1995). Jaipur has got a dry climate and in summer, the
temperature exceeds even 46°C with high humidity during monsoon season. These
climatic conditions favor the incidence of the fungi and consequently the
disease. Superficial fungal infections arise from a pathogen that is restricted
to the stratum corneum, with little or no tissue reaction. These fungi have the
capability to produce keratinase, which allows them to metabolize and live on
human keratin like, skin, nail, and hair. The infections caused by a
dermatophyte (species of fungi belonging to the genera Trichophyton,
Microsporum, or Epidermophyton) are referred to as tinea. Tinea
is a Latin word for worm or grub because the infections were originally thought
to be caused by worm-like parasites (Brooks et
al., 2007). Commonly the infection types are named with respect to the
affected body parts tinea corporis or ring worm (general skin), tinea
cruris or jock itch (groin), tinea unguum (nails), tinea capitis
or ring worm of scalp (scalp), tinea barbae (beard area) and tinea
manuum (hands). In the United States, dermatophytosis is one of the most
frequently reported skin diseases (Stern 1999), of which majority are caused by
superficial fungal infections related to tinea group (Aly 1994).An
estimated lifetime risk of acquiring these types of tinea infections
(dermatophytosis) is between 10 and 20% (Drake et al. 1996). A number of
studies have confirmed that tinea infection is related to the activity
pattern, living condition and age groups.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim to evaluate bacterial and fungal contaminations on tools
and equipment used in barbing salons in selected salons in Michael Okpara
University Agriculture, Umudike.
OBJECTIVES
1.
To isolate
and identify microbes associated with hair barbing tools.
2.
Isolate and
identify possible pathogens
3.
Determine the
antimicrobial susceptibility of pattern of the isolate
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