EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS OF BRUSHES, COMBS AND HAIR DRESSING TOOLS IN BEAUTY SALON

ABSTRACT

Tools used in beauty salons can become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and can be potential reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms. This study was aimed at evaluating microbial contamination of beauty salons tools. A total of 30 samples were collected from five (5) hairdressing salons in Umudike, Umuahia metropolis with the aid of moistened sterile swab stick. Each of the diluted samples was inoculated on the media (Nutrient agar, Macconkey agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar Sabouraud dextrose agar, and Mannitol agar) appropriately with a wire-loop using spread plate method. The plates were incubated at 370 C for 24hrs  for bacteria and fungi at 280C for 48hrs -72hrs. The bacterial isolates were identified based on their cultural and biochemical characteristics. A total six (6) bacteria isolates which belonging to the genera of  Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, E.coli, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus sp and Serratia marcesens were isolated. A total of  four (4) includes Aspergillus niger, Rhodotorula sp, Fusarium oxysorum and Aspergillus flavus were isolated. The percentage occurrence of isolates from user hair brushes and clippers in barbing salons samples shows Pseudomonas sp had the highest occurrence (28.6%) followed by E.coli (21.4%), Micrococcus luteus (21.4%) , Proteus sp (14.3%), while Serratia marcesens (7.14%)and Bacillus sp (7.14%) had the least occurrence. The percentage occurrence of fungi isolates from user hair brushes and combs in beauty salon samples shows Aspergillus niger  had the highest percentage occurrence  (38.5%) followed by Rhodotorula sp (30.8%) while Fusarium oxysporum (15.4%)  and Aspergillus flavus ( 95.4%)  showed the lowest occurrence.. The isolation of pathogenic bacteria from hair brushes in this study indicate that hair brushes and hair tools in Hair dressing and beauty Salons could be colonized by pathogenic bacteria and can serve as vehicle of transmission of infectious diseases. Some of these organisms produce very toxic substances that could be very fatal. Hence, it is very important to sanitize the hairbrushes and other hair tools regularly to minimize the spread of these pathogens.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

Lists of Tables                                                                                                                        viii

List of Figures                                                                                                                         ix

Abstract                                                                                                                                   x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                                                                                                                      1

1.1 Aim and Objectives                                                                                                          2

1.2 Objectives                                                                                                                         2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  Literature Review                                                                                                            3

2.1 Hair Dressing Tools                                                                                                          3

2.2 Normal Skin Flora                                                                                                            4

2.2.1 Skin Infections                                                                                                               5

2.3 Bacterial Contaminants Associated With Hair Brushes                                                   7

2.3.1 Staphylococcus  aureus                                                                                                 7

2.3.2 Klebsiella species                                                                                                          8

2.3.3 Staphylococcus  epidermidis                                                                                         9

2.3.4  Pseudomonas aeruginosa                                                                                             10

2.5 Microbial Contamination of Tools Used In Hair Dressing Salons                                11

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Materials And Methods                                                                                                   13

3.1 Sample Collection                                                                                                            13

3.2 Media Used and Preparation                                                                                            13

3.3 Sterilization                                                                                                                      14

3.4 Isolation and Enumeration of Bacterial Isolates                                                              14

3.5 Identification and Characterization of Bacteria                                                                14

3.6 Isolation and Enumeration of Fungal Isolates                                                                  15

3.7 Morphological Characterization of Bacterial Isolates                                                      15

3.7.1 Gram staining                                                                                                                           15

3.7.2 Spore Staining Technique                                                                                             16

3.7.3 Motility Test                                                                                                                  16

3.8 Biochemical Identification of Isolates                                                                              16

3.8.1 Catalase test                                                                                                                   16

3.8.2 Coagulase Test                                                                                                               17

3.8.3 Citrate Test                                                                                                                    17

3.8.4 Indole Test                                                                                                                     17

3.8.5 Methyl Red Test                                                                                                            18

3.8.6 Oxidase Test                                                                                                                  18

3.8.7 Urease Test                                                                                                                    18

3.8.8 Voges-proskaeur Test                                                                                                    19

3.8.9 Sugar Fermentation Test                                                                                               19

3.9 Characterization and Identification of the Fungal Isolates.                                              20

3.9.1 Lactophenol Cotton Blue Staining                                                                                20

3.9.2  Slide Culture Test                                                                                                         20

3.10 Statistical Analysis                                                                                                         20

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results                                                                                                                              21

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  Discussion, Conclusion And Recommendation                                                              35

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                                        37

5.3 Recommendation                                                                                                              37

LIST OF TABLES

Table                               Title                                                                Page

1                      Cultural characteristics of bacterial isolates                                                   22

2                      Biochemical characterization and identification of isolates                                     24

3                      Identification and characterize of fungal isolates in user hair brushes     26

and combs in beauty salons

4                      Percentage occurrence of bacterial   isolates from user hair brushes     30

 and combs in beauty salons.

5                      Percentage occurrence of fungal isolates from user hair brushes and comb  31

in beauty salons

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Besides the day to day interactions of people which constitute one way of spreading disease, the major source and spread of infections in communities are fomites (Kramer et al  ., 2006). The environment plays an important role in transmission of microbial agents to humans, with many environmental materials serving as vehicles (WHO, 2018). Tools used in Beauty salons can become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and can be potential reservoirs of such pathogenic microorganisms. Any service with the potential to break the skin’s surface can be associated with infections, and these infections can be transmitted to and between clients if proper infection control procedures are not implemented. Beauty salon services may pose potential health concerns to their clients, including risk of infection and injury. These health risks will vary depending on the nature of the service, the tools used, the health status of the clients and service providers, as well as the infection control procedures implemented. While invasive procedures, such as piercing and tattooing, are clearly associated with bacterial and viral infection risks, even non-invasive procedures, such as hair dressing, pedicure and manicure can result in infections (Stout et al., 2011).

Beauty salons play an important role in possible transfer of skin and eye infections due to the use and reuse of beauty salon tools and equipment (Enemuor et al ., 2013). Items such as razors, scissors, combs, clippers and hairpins can accidentally pierce the skin. Nail and cuticle clippers, nail files, and callus removers used in beauty salons have also been implicated in disease establishment among beauty salon users  (Onajobi et al., 2015).

Beauty salons are considered high-exposure environments for transmission of human pathogens . Ruddy et al .(2013) reported a case of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus  aureus (MRSA) infection in patient previously tested negative for MRSA, after a visit to the hospital hairdresser. Improperly sanitized cuticle cutters had been attributed to cause varying serious complications, ranging from an inflamed cuticle to hepatitis (John et al., 2013). Pelenita (2006) stated that dirty instruments also contribute to infection by blood borne diseases such as HIV or hepatitis. Other infections that can be spread in hairdressing premises include skin infections on the scalp, face and neck such as impetigo and fungal infections such as Tinea capitis and Tinea barbae (Onajobi et al.,2015). Commonly isolated bacteria from hair dressing and beauty salons include Staphylococcus  aureus, Staphylococcus  epidermis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp. Micrrococcus spp. Enterococus spp. and Enterobacter spp. while fungal isolates include Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigates, Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Geotrichum candidum, Rhizopus nigricans., Cladosporium, Trichophyton spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus arrhizus, Candida albicans  and Penicillium spp. (Onajobi et al., 2015).

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to evaluate microbial contamination of beauty salons tools.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1.     To isolate bacteria and fungi associated with beauty salons tools.

2.     To determine the microbial population and diversity in selected beauty salon tools

3.     To determine the distribution of microorganisms in selected beauty salon tools.

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