EFFECT OF THREE CARBON SOURCES: CHARCOAL, SOOTH AND SPENT OIL ON THE GROWTH OF COW-PEA (VIGNIA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP), MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND OKRO (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS(L.) MOENCH).

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009741

No of Pages: 40

No of Chapters: 1-5

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ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at investigating the effect of charcoal, sooth and spent oil on the growth of cow-pea (Vignia unguiculataL.), maize (Zea mays), okro (Abelmoschus esculentus). The research was carried out in the screen house of the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike. The study was carried out using 4 treatments and two replicates for each plant. The charcoal, soot and spent oil was mixed with the soil and a control soil for the four plants each, two seeds were planted in each of the buckets. The result for all plants on the charcoal treatment showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in both plant height and number of leaves. The result for all plants in the sooth treatment showed that the plants had a reduction in plant height but showed significant increase (p<0.05) in number of leaves over the plants treated with spent oil. The result for some plants in the charcoal treatment showed significant increase (p<0.05) in plant height over the plants in control, while some in the control increased over some plants in the charcoal treatment. This study has shown that charcoal increases plant growth due to the carbon contents it contains, while the spent oil and sooth decreased the growth of the plants. It is important to educate the farmers on the best farming practice and regular monitoring of contamination of the soil by spent oil and sooth alongside charcoal.





TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Declaration                                                                                                                             ii

Certification                                                                                                                           iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv 

Acknowledgement                                                                                                             v

Table of Content                                                                                                                     vi

List of Figures                                                                                                                         viii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                                                                                                                      1

1.1 Background of the Study                                                                                                  1

1.2 Justification                                                                                                                      5

1.3 Objectives of the study                                                                                                     6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review                                                                                                              7

2.1 Effect of Carbon Sources to the germination of Plant                                                     7

2.2 Origin of Carbon                                                                                                              8

2.3 Carbon sources and climate change                                                                                 9

2.4 Effects of Soot, charcoal and ash on soils                                                                        10

2.5 Effects of Soot, charcoal and ash (Biochar) on soils physical, chemical and microbial properties                                                                                                                             12

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and method                                                                                                       15

3.1 Study area                                                                                                                         15

3.2 Source of materials                                                                                                           15

3.3 Treatment                                                                                                                         15

3.4 Measurement of parameters                                                                                             16

CHAPTER FOUR

Results                                                                                                                                    17

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion                                                                                                                               23

Conclusion                                                                                                                              25

Recommendation                                                                                                                   25

REFRENCES

 

 

 

List of Figures

Fig. 4.1: Effect of charcoal, soot and spent oil on the height of Vignia unguiculata in 8 weeks after planting                                                                                                                        17

Fig. 4.2: Effect of charcoal, soot and spent oil on the number of leaves of Vignia unguiculata in 8 weeks after planting                                                                                                            18

Fig. 4.3: Effect of charcoal, soot and spent oil on the Height of Zea mays in 8 weeks after planting                                                                                                                                19

Fig 4.4: Effect of charcoal, soot and spent oil on the number of leaves of Zea mays in 8 weeks after planting                                                                                                                            20

Fig 4.5: Effect of charcoal, soot and spent oil on the height of Abelmoschus esculentus in 8 weeks after planting                                                                                                                21

Fig 4.6: Effect of charcoal, soot and spent oil on the number of leaves of Abelmoschus esculentus in 8 weeks after planting                                                                                        22

 

 


 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the study

Increasing crop productivity is of global concern, and will require the development of new technologies. Inputs to optimize crop productivity can be applied through soil and water and a crop will thrive if all inputs are optimal. To achieve optimum crop productivity, the soil should be fertile because plants absorb nutrients from this source. The continuing need for increased crop productivity dictates increasing demands on soil fertility world-wide (Wild, 2003). Thus, the soil is one of the most important considerations for plant growth and development. However, to keep soil fertile is highly technical and requires thorough knowledge of soil quality and health; this refers to the soil's fitness to support crop growth without becoming degraded or otherwise harming the environment (Acton and Gregorich 1995). 

Sustainable soil fertility management has been suggested as essential to the prosperity of many households in the mid-hills of Nepal (Pilbeam et al. 2005). Therefore, sustainable management of soil using inputs such as compost, cattle manure, poultry manure, microorganisms and charcoal and soot, and their known crop performance benefits are matters of interest.

One way to improve soil fertility in both intensive and marginal agriculture is to apply amendments to increase soil organic matter content and health (Abington 1992; Sherchan and Karki 2005; Tiwari et al. 2010). In addition, loss of organic C from cultivated agricultural soils has generated interest in C-sequestration (Gami et al. 2009). Traditionally, soil amendments have included farm yard manure (Bista et al., 2010), composted manure (Shrestha et al., 2000), poultry manure (Uddin et al., 2009) and cattle manure (Abington, 1992).

 

Rising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere and consequent concerns about climate change make it imperative to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Lehmann, 2007).Part of the uncertainty associated with soil carbon is that in some forms it is not stable. Soil organic matter decomposes. Labile carbon, such as that in the microbial biomass, has a turnover of one to five years, whereas humic carbon may take decades to decompose and inert organic matter such as charcoal may take thousands of years (Winsley, 2007). The longevity of charcoal in soil has led to the suggestion that the production of chars through the pyrolysis of biomass and incorporation of those chars into soils could be a feasible method of sequestering carbon (Lehmann et al., 2006; Swift, 2001). Chars are already widely present in soils due to natural events, e.g. forest fires (Skjemstad et al., 1996) and anthropogenic processes, e.g. Amazonian terra preta soils (Winsley, 2007).

Petroleum products are some of the most widely used chemicals (Sarkar et al., 2005) which because of their wide usage, can easily spill, leak or be discharged to the environment. According to Adedokun and Ataga, (2007), the leakage, discharge and spillage of petroleum products lead to the pollution of terrestrial and aquatic environments. It has been known that soil contamination by petroleum products is one of the world’s most common environmental problems (USEPA, 2000). The presence of petroleum products in the environment poses danger to the growth of plants and the wellbeing of animals resident or dependent on the environment. Several researchers have shown that the individual petroleum products have effects on the growth and performance of plants (Odjegba and Sadiq, 2002; Adenipekun et al., 2008; Ogbo, 2009).

The rise in energy consumption worldwide is not without a price and the activities associated with crude oil production, exploration, transportation and marketing have led to increased number of oil spills both on land and into water bodies. The trend shows continuous increases in oil pollution which can be  attributed to the increasing dependence on oil based technology such as fuels for aircrafts, automobiles and heating systems, although there have been recent advances in alternative sources of energy such as production of biofuels (Wokocha et al., 2011). It is difficult to draw a line between effects of oil pollution on man, soil and plants as these three are interwoven.

The effects of oil in soil include depression and inhibition of plant growth, by interfering with the soil-water-plant interrelationships (Agbogidi and Ejemete, 2005; Agbogidi and Dolor, 2007).

Cowpea (Vignia unguiculata L.) is a popular leguminous food in Nigeria (Adelaja, 2000; Adaji et al., 2007). Cowpea belongs to the family Fabaceae and sub-family Faboideae. It is cultivated and used fresh in derived savannah and rainforest belts thus, it is available throughout the year either as vegetable or as a pulse (Singh and Rachie, 1985; Asumugha, 2002; Olapade et al., 2002).

Maize is grown in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate climates (FAOAGL, 2002). The highest production, however, occurs between 21 and 27oC with annual precipitation of 250 to 5000 mm. Soil water availability is often the main factor limiting rain fed maize production. In these water-limited systems, efficient capture and retention of precipitation is essential to maximize crop growth. This is especially true for summer annual crops such as maize, which exhibit yield reductions in response to soil water deficits at any growth phase.

Okra, (Abelmoschusesculentus, L. (Moench) belongs to the malvacea family. There are two cultivated types of okra, (Abelmoschusesculentus, L. (Moench) and West African okra,

(Abelmoschuscaillei).Okra plays an important role in the diet by supplying carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins that are usually deficient in the staple food. Okra is basically low in calories and dry matter constituents which when consumed in a meal with basic starchy food makes the food more palatable (Savello et al, 1982). 

It is an important vegetable crop grown throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa (Bisht and Bhat, 2006). Okra is believed to originate probably from South East Asia. It is popular in West Africa, Brazil, Phillipian, Thailand and India (ECHO, 2003). It is distributed also to other parts of the globe by the Portuguese (Sinnadurai, 1992).

In Africa, okra is cultivated because of its high mucilage content which is used in thickening soup (Purseglove 1968, Wolfe et al., 1977). Fresh okra is high in vitamin A, B and C and in calcium (NARP, 1993). Significant levels of carbohydrates, potassium, magnesium and other vitamins are also present in okra (Norman, 1992, Adeboye and Oputa, 1996). Reports indicates that a good source of affordable vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals which are absent in the diet of most developing countries are supplied by okra (IBPGR, 1991). Essential and non- essential amino- acid that okra contains is comparable to that of soya bean. Okra therefore plays an important role in human diet. The green tender fruits of okra are highly nutritious containing 1107mg calcium and 8.9 mg of Iron for every 1000 g edible portion and fair amount of vitamins viz., A, B and C. It is also rich in protein and crude fiber, (Sona,Thamp and Indira, 2000). Recently, attention has been given to the use of okra seeds as sources of proteins (about 20% of dry matter) and vegetable oil (about 14 % of dry matter). Seeds contain mainly monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic) and palmitic acid

(Martin and Rhodes, 1983) and have high lysine levels. The roasted seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. It is a potential export earner accounting for 60 percent of exported fresh vegetable (Sharma and Arora, 1993). Apart from its nutritive value, the stem and fruit sheath is used in the manufacture of paper as they contain of crude fibre.


1.2       Justification

Pattern of bush burning and the use of ruminants of selective grass and tree burning has remain a huge task to the environment, this is in no discount to the amount of carbon soot released to the environment by car using the roads. Cooking in the rural communities are usually done with wood which leaves huge amount of charcoal, ash and soot  sometime they are improperly discharged to the immediate environment.

Part of the uncertainty associated with soil carbon is that in some forms it is not stable. Soil organic matter decomposes. Labile carbon, such as that in the microbial biomass, has a turnover of one to five years, whereas humid carbon may take decades to decompose and inert organic matter such as charcoal may take thousands of years (Winsley, 2007). The longevity of charcoal in soil has led to the suggestion that the production of chars through the pyrolysis of biomass and incorporation of those chars into soils could be a feasible method of sequestering carbon (Lehmann et al. 2006; Swift 2001). Chars are already widely present in soils due to natural events, e.g. forest fires (Skjemstad et al. 1996) and anthropogenic processes, e.g. Amazonian terra preta soils (Winsley, 2007).

The need to evaluate the effect of these carbon sources to plants such as Cow-pea(VigniaunguiculataL.), Maize (Zea mays) and Okro (Abelmoschusesculentus) is therefore very necessary, thus the necessity of this research.  

1.3       Objectives of Study

The general aim of this study is to assess the effect of three carbon sources on the germination of Cow-pea (Vignia unguiculata L.), Maize (Zea mays) and Okro (Abelmoschus esculentus). The specific objectives are:

      i.         To determine and compare the effect of three carbon sources on the germination of Cow-pea (Vignia unguiculataL.), Maize (Zea mays) and Okro (Abelmoschus esculentus).

     ii.         To determine and compare the effect of three carbon sources on the growth of plant species.

 

 

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