EFFECT OF UREA ON THE GRO EFFECT OF UREA ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) AT DIFFERENT RATES OF APPLICATION IN SOUTH EASTERN REGION OF NIGERIA.

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Product Code: 00009736

No of Pages: 69

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ABSTRACT

 

The field experiment was to study the effect of urea on the growth and development of maize at different rates of application in South Eastern region of Nigeria. Completely randomized block design was employed in the experiment, comprising four treatments replicated three times to give a total of 12 plots. Each plot had a total of nine maize stands making a total of 108 plant population. The treatments were applied at the rates of 100kg/ha, 150kg/ha and 200kg/ha three and seven weeks after planting. The control had no treatment application. Plant growth and development was assessed using plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight of plant. Plant yield was assessed using fresh weight of cobs with husk, fresh of cobs without husk and the dry weight of cobs. The data collected from different treatment was subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA and mean separation was done using LSD at (p˂0.05).The results were presented using the bar chart diagrams. The results shown by the bar chart with reference to the data collected indicated that urea applied at the rate of 100kg/ha, 150kg/ha and 200kg/ha improved the growth, development and yield of Zea mays L. but to varying degrees. the result revealed that the maximum vegetative growth was recorded from the treatment with the highest urea application (200kg/ha) followed by plots treated with 150kg/ha and 100kg/ha urea. Treatment application at the rate of 200kg/ha also gave the highest result in yield of maize. Control had the lowest result at both growth and development stage. Hence, the study revealed that urea (46% N) had a significant increase (p˂0.05) on the plant growth, development and yield of maize of plants.






TABLE OF CONTENT

 

Title page                                                                                                                                                              i

Certification                                                                                                       ii       

Declaration                                                                                                         iii

Dedication                                                                                                          iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                              v

Table of contents                                                                                                vi

List of figures                                                                                                     ix

List of plates                                                                                                       x

Abstract                                                                                                              xi


CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

1.1     Introduction                                                                                              1 

1.2     Research justification                                                                               3       

1.3     Research objectives                                                                                                                           4       


CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review                                                                                      5

2.1     Maize (zea mays)                                                                                     5

2.2     Importance of maize                                                                                9

2.3     Origin and distribution of maize                                                              11

2.4     Maize production                                                                                     14

2.5     Botany of maize                                                                                                               15

2.6     Climatic requirement                                                                                     17

2.7     Soil requirement                                                                                     19

2.8     Planting                                                                                                                                   20

2.9     Land preparation                                                                                      20

2.10   Fertilizer applicaton in maize production                                                                                       21

2.11   Production constraints in maize                                                                                               22


CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Materials and methods                                                                             25

3.1     Location of the experimental site                                                            25

3.2     Soil collection/ analysis                                                                           25

3.3     Design of experiment                                                                               26

3.4     Planting materials                                26

3.5     Treatment application                                                                              27

3.6     Cultural operations                                                                                   27

3.7     Data collection                                                                                         27

3.7.1  Plant height                                                                                              28

3.7.2  Number of leaves                                                                                     28

3.7.3  Leaf area                                                                                                   28

3.7.4  Fresh weight and dry weight of maize plant                                            28

3.7.5  Fresh weight of cobs with husk and fresh weight of cobs without husk 28

3.7.6  Dry weight of cobs                                                                                  29

3.8     Statistical analysis                                                                                    29


CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Results                                                                                                     30

4.1     Growth and development parameters                                                      30

4.1.1  Effect of urea at different rate of application plant height                               30

4.1.2  Effect of urea at different rate of application leaf area                                                                 31

4.1.3  Effect of urea at different rate of application number of leaves           32

4.1.4  Effect of urea at different rate of application fresh weight and dry weight of plants                                                                                                        33

4.1.5  Effect of urea at different rate of application fresh weight of cobs with and without husk and dry weight of cobs                                                      34


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Discussion, conclusion and recommendation                                          39

5.1     Discussion                                                                                                39

5.2     Conclusion and recommendation                                                             42

References                                                                                                         43

Appendix                                                                                                           51

 

 




 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures                                                                                                               pages

Fig. 1: Effect of urea at the rates of 100kg/ha, 150kg/ha, 200kg/ha on plant height of maize grown on the field.                                                                                                                                                                       30

Fig. 2: Effect of urea at the rates of 100kg/ha, 150kg/ha and 200kg/ha on leaf of maize grown on the field.                                                                                                                                                                          31

Fig. 3. Effect of urea at the rates of 100kg/ha, 150kg/ha and 200kg/ha on the number of leaves of maize grown in the field.                                                          32

Fig. 4. Effect of urea at the rates of 100kg/ha, 150kg/ha and 200kg/ha on the fresh and dry weight of maize grown in the field.                                                           33

Fig.5: Effect of urea at the rates of 100kg/ha, 150kg/ha and 200kg/ha on the fresh weight of cobs with husk, fresh weight of cobs without husk and the dry weight of cobs of maize grown in the field.                                                                     34

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF PLATES

 

Plate 1: Harvested maize treated with 100kg/ha                                                35     

Plate 2: Harvested maize treated with 150kg/ha                                                36

Plate 3: Harvested maize treated with 200kg/ha                                                37

Plate4: Harvested maize treated without treatment.                                           38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a genus of the family Graminae (Poaceae), commonly known as the grass family and originated in Mexico and Central America. It possesses somatic chromosome number of 20, a genome size of 2.3 gigabase and more than 32,000 genes (Schnable et al., 2009). Maize grows well in various agro ecologies and is unparalleled to any other crop due to its ability to adapt in diverse environments. It has emerged as a crop of global importance owing to its multiple end uses as a human food and livestock feed and serves as an important component for varied industrial products. Globally, about 1016.73 million metric tonnes of maize is produced every year – the highest among major staple cereals (FAOSTAT 2013). A major portion of maize produced worldwide is used for animal consumption as it serves as a vital source of proteins and calories to billions of people in developing countries, particularly in Africa, and Asia (Shiferaw et al., 2011). Further, it is a source of important vitamins and minerals to the human body. Along with rice and wheat, maize provides at least 30 % of the food calories to more than 4.5 billion people in 94 developing countries (Shiferaw, et al., 2011) Maize provides over 20 % of total calories in human diets in 21 countries and over 30 % in 12 countries that are home to a total of more than 310 million people (Shiferaw et al., 2011). At present, the developed world uses more maize than the developing world, but forecasts indicated that by the year 2050, the demand for maize in the developing countries will double owing to the rapid growth worldwide. (Rosegrant et al., 1999; Prasanna 2014).

The continuous cultivation of crops and the adverse environmental factors make the arable soil deficient in nitrogen along with other plant nutrient (Taize and Zeiger, 2010; Epstein and Bloom, 2004).

Nitrogen is an essential element for both fodder quantity and quality as it is a component of protein and chlorophyll, it is thus essential for photosynthesis, vegetative and reproductive growth and it often determines yield of maize (Igbal et al; 2006). Among the various nitrogen fertilizers, urea is widely used in the Agricultural sector. The high nitrogen content per unit material (46%), lower cost, ease of storage, along with solid and liquid formulation options make it a popular choice for farmers (Andrew et al., 2013).Nitrogen deficiency alters the composition of the soil much more than any other mineral nutrient as it is an indispensable elementary constituent of many organic metabolites including nucleic acids and phytochrome, thus nitrogen is the motor of plant growth and make up 1 to 4% of dry matter of plants (Taize and Zeiger, 2010). It is widely accepted that plants grown on soils deficient in nitrogen exhibit very distinctive deficiency symptoms such as poor growth, chlorosis, necrosis, and causes disorder in many physiological/biochemical characteristics of plants (Epstein and Bloom, 2004; Taize and Zeiger, 2010)The use of nitrogen fertilizer along with other nutrients has suggested to enhance crop productivity (Marschner, 1995) and according to an estimate, 33% nitrogen fertilizer are being used worldwide for improving cereal production (Raun and Johnson, 2000). Therefore, this research work was conducted to ascertain the effect of urea (46% Nitrogen) on the growth and development of maize at different rates of applications in South Eastern region of Nigeria.

1.2       RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION           

Importance of maize cannot be overemphasized in the developing world, including the potential to mitigate the present food insecurity and alleviate poverty. Maize has always been preferred to any crop including cassava because most of the world’s civilization developed around grains rather than tuber crops. It is an important source of carbohydrate, protein, iron, vitamin B, and minerals. The improvement of soil fertility through the application of urea, a good source of nitrogen for sustainable crop production improves the crop yield, nutrient content and soil pH which is an important factor that enables developing countries feed billions of its populace. To this effect, the present research work was carried out to determine the beneficial effect of urea on the growth and development of maize at different rates of application in  South Eastern region of Nigeria.

1.3        RESEARCH OBJECTIVE    

·       To determine the effect of urea on the growth and development of maize at different rates of application.

·       The rate of application for maximum yield

·       Time of urea application in maize production in the South Eastern region of Nigeria.

 


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