EFFECT OF REFUSE DUMP SOIL ON THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH, HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION, PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND VITAMIN CONTENTS OF FLUTED PUMPKIN (TELFAIRA OCCIDENTALIS HOOK, F.) LEAVES

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Product Code: 00009748

No of Pages: 33

No of Chapters: 1-5

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ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at investigating the effect of dumpsite soil on the vegetative growth, heavy metal accumulation, proximate composition and vitamin contents of Telfaira occidentalis. The research was carried out in the screen house of the College of Crop and Soil Sciences Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. The study was carried out using 5 treatments levels and two replicates each. The dumpsite soil and the normal soil were mixed at different volumes/percentages in all the thirty buckets and two seeds were planted in each of the buckets. All the growth parameters showed positive increase at all the treatments but showed greater increase at the treatment involving equal proportion of dumpsite soil and top soil. The result from the proximate composition showed that plants in higher dumpsite soil treatments had higher dry matter and carbohydrate content but showed lower ash content, moisture content, crude fibre and crude protein content. The dumpsite soil didn’t have any significant effect (p<0.05) on the vitamin composition of T. occidentalis. The result on heavy metals accumulation showed that in all the treatments, the dumpsite soil significantly (p<0.05) influenced the plants by increasing the heavy metal content which was much higher than the accumulation of these metals by plants in the control. This study has shown that planting of crops near dumpsite areas or using dumpsite soil to plant crops may have positive effects on the vegetative growth, but it increases the heavy metals accumulated by such plants which poses health hazards to human health when consumed. It is important to educate the farmers on the best farming practice and regular monitoring of heavy metal contamination should be encouraged in order to avoid possible consumption of contaminated vegetables.

 






TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Declaration                                                                                                                             ii

Certification                                                                                                                           iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv Acknowledgement                                                                                                             v

Table of Content                                                                                                                     vi

List of Tables                                                                                                                          viii

List of Figures                                                                                                                         ix

Abstract                                                                                                                                  x

CHAPTER ONE

1.1Introduction                                                                                                                       1

1.2 Botany of the plant                                                                                                           2

1.3 Justification                                                                                                                      4

1.4 Aims and objectives                                                                                                         4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review                                                                                                              5

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and method                                                                                                       8

3.1 Study area                                                                                                                         8

3.2 Source of materials                                                                                                           8

3.3 Treatment                                                                                                                         8

3.4 Measurement                                                                                                                    9

3.4.1 Statistical analysis                                                                                                         9

3.5 Soil composition                                                                                                               10

CHAPTER FOUR

Results                                                                                                                                    12

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion                                                                                                                               18

Conclusion                                                                                                                              20

Recommendation                                                                                                                   20

REFRENCES

 

 

 

 

 

List of Tables

Table 3.5.1: Composition of dumpsite soil and top soil                                                        10

 

Table 4.1: Effect of dumpsite soil on the heavy metal concentration in the leaves of T. occidentalis in 5 weeks after planting                                                                      15

 

Table 4.2: Effect of dumpsite soil on the proximate composition in the leaves of T.

 occidentalis in 5 weeks after planting                                                                                   16

 

Table 4.3: Effect of dumpsite soil on the vitamins concentration in the leaves of T.

 occidentalis in 5 weeks after planting                                                                                   17

 

 

 

 

List of Figures

Fig. 4.1: Effect of dumpsite soil on the length of T. occidentalis                                         12

Fig. 4.2: Effect of dumpsite soil on the number of leaves of T. occidentalis                                    13

Fig. 4.3: Effect of dumpsite soil on the number of stalks of T. occidentalis                                    14


 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION

Various studies have been conducted or carried out to investigate and evaluate the properties of dumpsite soils as it affects or influences the environment and plants growing in or around them.

Chopra et al., (2009) described waste dumps practices as the disposal of solid waste by infilling depressions on land. The depressions into which solid wastes are often dumped include valleys and excavations. The use of these municipal waste dumps, residue from human consumption and agricultural activities can improve soil physical and chemical properties and also the fertility and production (Sposito, 1982). Compost represent an important resource to maintain and restore soil fertility and are of great value nowadays, particularly in those countries where the organic matter content of the soil is low (Castaldi et al., 2004). Soil organic matter plays a major role in maintaining soil quality (Pedra et al., 2007). In addition to supplying plant nutrients, the type and amount of soil organic matter influences several soil properties (Arau’jo et al., 2008). Nevertheless, the application of composted waste to agricultural soils requires caution due to the possibility of food chain contamination and negative effects on soil microbiology, particularly rhizobia (Singh and Agrawal, 2009).

Dumpsite soils which contain these solid wastes are a major environmental threat to most Nigerian cities. The rapid population growth, industrialization and technological changes and patterns have increased solid waste challenges (Magaji, 2005). These factors and several others such as inadequate infrastructure, weak environmental administration and management are responsible for ineffective waste management services (Magaji, 2005). Solid Waste varies in composition, which may be influenced by many factors, such as culture affluence, location etc. Awomeso et al., (2010) reported that soil, plants and groundwater acidification and nitrification have been linked to waste dumps as well as microbial contamination of soil and groundwater system. Increase in population and rapid expansion of cities has resulted to generation of huge waste and the manner these wastes are disposed constitutes serious health and environmental problems.

The problem of solid waste is not just that of generation nor collection but also that of disposal and its effects on the quality of soils and plants positively and negatively. The open dumping of solid waste apart from being unsanitary and unaesthetic creates breeding space for rodents, flies, mosquitoes and other disease carrying vectors, contaminates soils and plants which could pose serious problems and health risk, (Magaji, 2005). Dumpsite soil containing these solid waste constitute contaminants like heavy metals, acid mine, cyanides, radioactive substance and industrial chemicals, these are substance that are not only dangerous in themselves but can greatly react in a way that their total effects can always be greater than the sum of the effects taken independently with other materials (Larsen and Nielsen, 1992). These adverse impacts of dumpsites include: threat to public health, production of methane through the decomposition of organic matters, and toxicity to plants especially deposition of heavy metals and all round vegetative growth of plants (Khan et al., 2008).

 

1.2 Botany of the plant 

Telfairia occidentalis (Hook, F.) is a tropical vine grown in West Africa as a leaf vegetable and for its edible seeds. Common names for the plant include fluted gourd, fluted pumpkin, and ugu in the Igbo languageT. occidentalis is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family and is indigenous to southern Nigeria (Akoroda, 1990). The fluted pumpkin is one of the most popular vegetables that grows in many nations of West Africa, ranking as one of the three most widely eaten vegetables cultivated in South Eastern parts of Nigeria (Abiose, 1999).

It is used primarily as food and herbal medicines (Nwanna, 2008). The leaves are widely used in the preparation of various local vegetable soups e.g. ‘Ugu soup’ in Igbo land. The leaves are also popularly used for anemic patients, it is known to contain high amounts of antioxidants and possess hepato-protective and antimicrobial properties (Nwanna, 2008).

The seeds are eaten roasted or boiled. It can also be pounded and eaten in soup (Ibe and Ezedinma, 1979; Esiaba, 1982). The non-drying nature of oil from raw seeds of Telfairia makes it ideal for cooking and soap making (Burkill, 1985). The seeds of Telfairia occidentalis are usually viable only a few days after being removed from the pod. They lose viability when dried below relatively high moisture content (Robert and King, 1981; Akoroda, 1990); therefore long distance transport is usually in the form of mature fruits (Rice et al., 1986).

The roots of the plant are potent poisons to humans and are not consumed (Akoroda, 1990).

 

1.3 JUSTIFICATION

The present research is aimed at investigating the effect of dumpsite soil on the vegetative growth, the proximate content, vitamins content and the heavy metal accumulation of fluted pumpkin leaves of Telfairia occidentalis. This is due to the need to reduce harmful environmental effects from dumpsite soil on growing plants. There is no doubt that the result of this work will not only unveil the good effect of dumpsite soil to plants, but will also help in increasing yield and quality of plants grown and also help in eradicating the problem of food scarcity.

 

1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This study was undertaken:

1.     To assess the effect of dumpsite soil on the vegetative growth of Telfairia occidentalis.

2.     To determine the effect of dumpsite soil on the heavy metal accumulation of the leaves of Telfairia occidentalis.

3.     To investigate the effect of dumpsite soil on the proximate content of the leaves of Telfairia occidentalis.

 

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