Abstract
The study examined the economic impact of pollution on demand and supply of water in riverine communities, a case study of Ekeremor community, Bayelsa State. The study aimed to determine the factors that affect the demand for water in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State, the factors that affect the water supply in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State and economic effects of pollution on demand and supply of pure water in Ekeremor community in Bayelsa State. three research questions and hypotheses were constructed to guide the study. The study adopted the descriptive research design where three research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. 120 copies of questionnaire were structured and distributed and research questions were analysed with mean score while hypotheses were analysed with Chi Square statistics. The study concluded that there is high demand for pure water for Ekeremor community and the demand for pure water is not seasonal in Ekeremor community and there is economic effects of pollution on the supply and demand for water. the study recommended that the government should help the people in the community with quality water supply so that scarcity of water will not affect the people in the community.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Cover page - - - - - - - -- - i
Title - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - v
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - vi
Abstract - --- - - - - - - - x
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - -
1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - -
1.3 Research Questions - - - - - - -
1.4 Research Hypotheses - - - - - - -
1.5
Aim and Objective of the Study - - - - -
1.6 Significance of the Study - - - - - -
1.7 Scope of the Study - - - - - - -
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms Used - - - -
CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK AND
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Water , its use and importance - - - - -
2.2 Concept
on the effect of pollution on demand and supply of water -
2.3 Concept on the causes of water
pollution - - - - -
2.4 Economic Impact of Pollution on Water Demand - - -
2.5 Theory
on ecological perspective of change and development- -
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH
METHOD AND PROCEDURES
3.1 Research Design - - - - - - -
3.2 Research
Instrument - - - - - - -
3.3 Validity
of the Instrument - - - - - -
3.4 Sample
Size and Sampling Techniques - - - -
3.5 Population
of the Study - - - - - -
3.6 Method
of Data Collection - - - - - -
3.7 Method
of Data Analysis - - - - - -
CHAPTER FOUR:
PRESENTATION
AND RESULTS
4.1 Presentation and Results - - - - - -
4.2
Data Analysis based on Research
Questions - - - -
4.3
Discussion of the Findings - - - - - -
CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
of the Study - - - - - - -
5.2 Conclusion
- - - - - - - - -
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - -
5.4 Suggestions
to Further Studies - - - - - -
References - - - - - - - - - -
Appendix - - - - - - - - - -
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the Study
Water
is seen as essential commodity in the world and it is seen everywhere, but access to clean water is
scares in almost every regions of the world.
According to Ojo (2010), access to quality and safe water supply has
been on of the recurring issues on the developmental agenda of many countries
over the past three to four decades. This is due to the importance of clean
water to the health being of the people. The seriousness that is attached to
the provision of safe water supply and consequent demand for water is
particularly in the face of rapidly increasing global population. Sojobi
(2015), emphasized that clean water is vital as basic human rights and
sanitation at an affordable price and thus has a value as an economic good as
well as a social good.
According
to Goldman (2012), most developing countries have embarked upon special reforms
of the clean water supply for humanity. The proactive role of multilateral
organizations, principally the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), in imposing reforms as conditionality for loans and debt service have
been controversial yet recognized as a way to resolving the supplely and demand
for water. In rural areas, the demand for clean water was due to the fact that
water pollution has been a frequent occurrence in the areas. From that moment,
clean water was seen as the coming in of public and private sector to the
supply of clean water to the people. According to Mohammed and Dansabo (2018),
a bill for an Act to establish National Water Supply (Regulation) Commission,
of the water supply industry, to encourage private participate in water supply,
to provide for licensing and regulation of activities involved in the provision
of water, and for related matters was established in Nigeria.
Pollution is known as human activities which bring
about some harmful materials into the environment where human live and the
materials term harmful are called pollutants,it can be natural, such as
volcanic ash etc. It can also be created by human activity such as trash or
runoff produced by factories among others. Pollutants can damage the quality of
air, water and land which will result to pollution. According to Ityavyar and
Tyav (2010), he defined pollutes to mean, to make something dirty or no longer
pure, especially by adding harmful or unpleasant substances to it. Committee on
pollution of the United States National Research Council (1965) explains that
pollution is an undesired change in physical, chemical or biological
characteristics of the air, land and water that may or will harmfully affect
human life or that of other creatures. Pollution is one of the greatest
challenges in this era of technological advancement. Pollution is a threat for
environment and health stability and the earth ecosystem which undermines the
economic and social development of nations and endangers the health of many
people across the globe.
The effect of water pollution depends upon the type of
pollutants and its concentration and the location of water bodies is an
important factor to determine the levels of pollution. Water bodies in the
vicinity of urban areas are extremely polluted. This is the result of dumping
garbage and toxic chemicals by industrial and commercial establishments.Water
pollution drastically affects aquatic life, it affects their metabolism,
behaviour, causes illness and eventual death.The effect of water pollution can
have a huge impact on the food chain, It disrupts the food-chain. Humans are
also affected by pollution and can contract diseases such as hepatitis through
faecal matter in water sources. Poor drinking water treatment and unfit water
can always cause an outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera etc.
The ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and
destructured because of water pollutionand since pollution has negative effects
on human, animals and plants, it is important to note that its effects are
group into economic, environmental and health. Economic effect of pollution
discusses the financial implications that result from pollution on the people.
Economic activities in rural areas include buying and selling of products as
well as services. Nnamani (2018) notes that water diseases are caused by unsafe
drinking water and absence of proper sanitation facilities which are among the
lead cause of death both plants and
animals in rural area.
The demand and supply of water in
rural areas in Nigeria is affected by the pollution of water. This pollution is
linked to industrial pollution, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria,
industrial pollution has lead to water pollution and the availability of clean
and safe water for use remains an issue.
According to Ojo (2011), revealed in a study that situation in the rural
communities is characterised by a lot of water demand deficit and this has far
reaching socio-economic implication for inhabitants of the areas. Very few
rural villages in the region could boast of safe sources of water supply, hence
they have to depend on traditional sources such as rain, springs, streams,
ponds and hand-dug wells which pose health challenges due to pollution that are
frequent in the areas. This is the reason the demand for pure(sachet) water is
becoming high in these areas. From the above human pollute activities on water,
no doubt, that it has economic effect of supply and demand for water especially
in rural areas (Ekreremorcommunuity).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
search for quality water in Nigeria has brought about the production of
pure/sachet water by private and publicbusinesses. Water has been known to have
economic potentials owing to the large population of Nigeria and the possible
failure of the government to provide clean water through ministry of water
resources. The demand for water has gained high market penetration in the urban
cities because of urbanization factors such as industrialization, and lack of
access to quality water. Pollution in rural areas had cause so much economic
struggle because and the people are not able to access clean water. The sources
of water for the people in the rural areas remain the stream, rivers, ponds and
wells. These traditional sources are often polluted by the people or natural
occurrence. In the case of flood, the water is not safe for drinking and also
during dry season, the water also is not safe as well. More importantly,
water is seen as essential component for the preservation of the environment
and ecosystem upon which human societies rely. In addition to enabling
achievement of basic human needs which include and not limited to sanitation
services, water as a resources is critical to sustainable development for its
role as major source of energy, a key input to agriculture and industrial
processes.
This might have resulted to the demand and supply of
water and the economic effect it has on the people. It is on this that the
research examine the economic effects of pollution in rural areas on demand and
supply of pure(drinkable) water business and also seek to ascertain how water
pollution can be managed in this areas. The essence of this study is to close
the knowledge gap identified in the objective.
1.3 Research Questions
The following research questions were raised to guide the investigation:
1. What
are factors that affect the demand for water in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa
State?
2. What
are factors that affect the water supply in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa
State?
3.
What is the economic
effects of pollution on demand and supply of purewater in Ekeremor community in
Bayelsa State?
1.4
Research
Hypotheses
Ho1
There is no significant factors that affect the demand for
water in Ekerumor Coomunity in
Bayelsa State
Ho2
There is no significant that affect the water supply in
Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State
Ho3 There
is no significant economic effects
of pollution on demand and supply of purewater in Ekeremor community in Bayelsa
State
1.5 Aim and Objective of the Study
The main aim and
objective of the study on the economic effects of pollution on demand and
supply of pure/sachet water in rural areas of BayelsaState are;
1. Determine
the factors that affect the demand for water in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa
State.
2. Examine
the factors that affect the water supply in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State
3.
Ascertain the economic
effects of pollution on demand and supply of purewater in Ekeremor community in
Bayelsa State
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study seeks to
examine the impact of pollution on demand and supply of water in the rural area
, a case study of Ekeremor community in Bayelsa State. Therefore, the studies
will benefits government and the residents living in rural areas in Nigeria
most specifically Ekeremorcommunity,Bayelsa State. This study will also throw
more light to both the government, industries and residents on how pollution can affect the demand and
supply of water in rural area and the plight of the people on accessing clean
water , the possible way to make provision for the people to access clean and
safe water for usage. The residents in rural areas will benefit them because
the outcome of the study will give insight to them on possible ways to see
through economic lens and how it affect demand and supply. Finally, the study
will become a research material for other researchers and will add knowledge to the research.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is limited to
economic effects of pollution on the demand and supply of water in rural areas
in Balyesa with emphasizes to water pollution and sources of water in among the
people in Ekeremor community.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms Used
Pollutant:
A foreign substance that makes something
dirty or impure especially waste from human activities.
Pollute:
To make water harmful for usage
Pollution:
Pollution is known as human activities which bring about some harmful materials
into the environment where human live.
Water:
water is an indispensable need of man for existence. This is because water serve the same purpose
with food. Human cannot live without water
Demand and Supply: this
is economic terminology that refers to the request made by someone and the ability
to get the water within the specific time.
Riverine Community: This
is the communities close to rivers and creeks in Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
Pure
Water: Domesticated water
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