Abstract
The
use of instructional materials plays a crucial role in enhancing the teaching
and learning process in Business Studies education. However, in many secondary
schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, there are several
challenges that hinder the effective utilization of instructional materials in
the classroom. This research project will delve deeper into these challenges by
examining the availability and adequacy of instructional materials such as
textbooks, visual aids, technological tools, and other resources used in
teaching Business Studies. The study will also investigate the effectiveness of
these materials in engaging students, facilitating understanding, and improving
academic performance. Through surveys, interviews, and classroom observations,
the research will gather data on the specific challenges faced by teachers,
such as limited access to materials, outdated resources, lack of training on
how to integrate instructional materials into lessons, and insufficient funding
for acquiring new materials. Students' perspectives on the impact of
instructional materials on their learning experiences will also be explored. By
identifying these challenges, the research aims to provide recommendations for
addressing the gaps in the availability and utilization of instructional
materials in the teaching and learning of Business Studies in secondary schools
in Ekeremor Local Government Area. The findings of this study will contribute
to the improvement of teaching practices, curriculum development, and
educational policies in the region, ultimately enhancing the quality of
Business Studies education for students.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Purpose of the Study
1.4
Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7
Significance of the Study
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Review of Related Empirical Studies
2.4 Summary of Reviewed Literature
CHAPTER THREE: METHODS
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of Study
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection
3.6 Validation of the Instrument
3.7 Reliability of the Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Collection
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION
AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Suggestions for Further Study
5.4 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the Study
Teaching
at any level requires that the students be exposed to some form of stimulation
such as the use of instructional materials like; Education radio, charts,
chalkboards, maps, film strips and reliable materials. Adekunle (2018) noted that teaching
resources in Business
studies means anything that can assist the teacher in promoting teaching and
learning, these are
materials that teachers needs
to incorporate in the teaching learning processes in order to help the students benefit
maximally from the learning experiences. When the students are given the chance to
learn through more sense than one, they can learn faster. The use of
instructional materials provides the teacher with interesting and compelling
platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to learn more.
Furthermore, the teacher is assisted in overcoming physical difficulties that
will have hindered his effective presentation of a given topic. Larson (2010) quoted that the use of
electronically mediated instruction to duplicate the traditional face- to-face
classroom has resulted in a shift from teacher –to student- centered classes.
In this situation the responsibility for learning is shifted to the students.
The teacher facilitates the learning by acting as a coach, resource guide and
companion in learning. The use of an instructional material does not only
encourage teachers and students to work collaboratively but also results in
more cooperative learning activities among the students.
The purpose of instructional materials is to
promote efficiency of education by improving the quality of teaching and
learning. Incorporating these tools and materials present support and
reinforces teaching. According to Aduwa-Ogiegbaen and Imogie (2015) these materials and
resources including audio tape recorders, video tape recorders, slide
projectors, opaque projectors, overhead projectors, still pictures, programmed
instruction, film strips, maps, charts, graphs, offer a variety of learning
experiences individually or in combination to meet different teaching and
learning experiences. These instructional materials could be of different forms
which include; audio tape recorders, videotape recorders, slide projectors,
opaque projectors, maps, film strips, charts, graphs, programmed instruction
and many more. All these materials aid teaching and learning.
“In every school,
whether at the primary, secondary or tertiary levels of education there are
instructional materials that make it possible for schools to attain there
desired goals, and when this instructional materials are not used as expected
during lessons, due to the problems encountered during the use of instructional
materials, the objectives will not be achieved” (Odo, 2010). These instructional
materials are always limited and scarce, for the teaching of Business Studies,
and this necessitates problems for the achievement of the set objectives of the
subject, which cannot be achieved if the
problems continues to linger, without been solved. Therefore, these
problems of using instructional materials, such as the lack of fund, inadequate
time for the use of instructional materials, lack of knowledge on the side of
the teacher on how to operate the available instructional materials, should be
tackled to the core, in order to inculcate in the students, the expected
knowledge, about Business studies. (Odo, 2010).
The researcher is
therefore conducting this research work as to finding the causes of the
challenges in using instructional materials in teaching and learning business
studies, in selected secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of
Bayelsa state.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The major goal of using
instructional materials in the teaching of Business Studies in secondary
schools is to educate students to be able to confront problematic situations in
the subject with confidence.
In order to make Business Studies teaching and
learning meaningful and interesting, teachers need to employ a variety of
instructional materials and teaching methods which Adeyemi (2010) states that
they are indispensable for the study of Business Studies. He believes that the
most appropriate learning takes place when the learner is in control and
dominating session in the teaching –learning process.
The variety of
instructional materials and methods used in the teaching of Business studies
are not fully utilized and appropriately used, and these makes the teaching of
Business Studies difficult and hard for the students to understand. When the available
instructional materials are not properly utilized and well managed, they pose a
lot of challenge to the teaching and learning of Business Studies. “The
Challenges of using instructional materials, such as the lack of fund,
inadequate time for the use of instructional materials, lack of knowledge on
the side of the teacher on how to operate the available instructional
materials, should be tackled to the core, in order to inculcate in the
students, the expected knowledge, about Business studies.
In view of the above, it
is important to study the challenges of using instructional materials in the
teaching and learning of Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor
Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of the
study was to find out the challenges of using instructional materials in the
teaching and learning of Business studies in selected secondary schools in
Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. Specifically, the study was
designed to:-
1. Find out the different instructional
materials in use, in the teaching and learning of Business Studies in Ekeremor
Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
2. To ascertain the most widely utilized
instructional materials by classroom teachers in the teaching and learning of
Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of
Bayelsa State?
3. To find out the different challenges of using
instructional materials in the teaching of Business studies in secondary
schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
4. To examine the remedies to the challenges
of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business
Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa
State.
1.4
Research Questions
The following research
questions were formulated to guide the study at 0.05 level of significance.
1. What
are the instructional materials used in teaching Business Studies in secondary
schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
2. What
are the most widely utilized instructional materials by classroom teachers in
the teaching and learning of Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor
Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
3. What
are the different challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching
and learning of Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local
Government Area of Bayelsa State?
4. What
are the remedies of the challenges of using instructional materials in the
teaching and learning of Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local
Government Area of Bayelsa State?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
In line with each of the research question,
the following hypotheses were formulated and tested at the significant level of
0.05%.
1. There is no significant difference in the use of
instructional materials in teaching Business Studies in secondary schools in
Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
2. There is no significant difference in the utilized of
instructional materials by classroom teachers in the teaching and learning of
Business studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of
Bayelsa State?
3. There is no significant difference on challenges of
using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Business studies
in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State?
4. There is no significant difference on remedies of the
challenges of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of
Business Studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of
Bayelsa State?
1.6 Scope of the Study
There are many secondary
schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area Bayelsa of State.
The scope of the study
is limited to eight (8) secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of
state which were randomly selected. The scope of the study is on the problems
of using instructional materials in the teaching and learning of business
studies in secondary schools in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State.
The schools of study had to be selected for a proper and a good research work.
1.7
Significance of the Study
The result of this
research project will reveal to the teachers, students, and the government
about the problems of using instructional materials. It will as well be of
great significance owing to its quality and contribution.
The result of this
research will also guide business studies teachers to effectively and
efficiently use instructional materials and to know the challenges of using
these materials.
When these challenges
are tackled, it will help to stimulate the students’ mind and make them
spirited, hence showing positive interest towards teaching and learning, if the
materials are efficiently used.
Similarly, the result
shall contribute as a source of material to researchers, educational
administrators, and stakeholders and curriculum planners to update their
knowledge of the causes and challenges of using instructional materials.
The result of the study will also enlighten
the teachers about the different challenges encountered during the use of
instructional materials in the process of teaching and learning of business
studies.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Instructional Materials: Instructional
materials are the content or
information conveyed within a course. These include the lectures,
readings, textbooks, multimedia components, and other resources in a course.
Students: This is a primary person enrolled in
a school or all other educational institution who attends business studies classes.
Dearth: Means lack, shortage or scarcity of
something
Business Studies: Business studies,
often simply called business, are a field of study that deals with the principles of
business, management, and economics. It combines
elements of accountancy, finance, marketing, organizational studies, human
resource management, and operations.
Challenges: Challenges are demanding task or situation.
Secondary School: Secondary school,
also known as high school, is the second formal stage in education and generally begins at ages 11-13
and ends at ages 15-18. It is the formal
schooling given after primary (elementary) school and before college
Teaching: Teaching can be defined as engagement with learners to enable their
understanding and application of knowledge, concepts and processes. It
includes design, content selection, delivery, assessment and reflection.
Learning: Learning is the process of acquiring
new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and
preference. It is also “a process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience
and increases the potential for improved performance and future learning
Public Secondary School: These are schools that are
maintained, managed and funded by the government.
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