ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF WATER IN RIVERINE COMMUNITIES, A CASE STUDY OF EKEREMOR COMMUNITY, BAYELSA STATE

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF WATER IN RIVERINE COMMUNITIES, A CASE STUDY OF EKEREMOR COMMUNITY, BAYELSA STATE

 Abstract

The study examined the  economic impact of pollution on demand and supply of water in riverine communities, a case study of Ekeremor community, Bayelsa State. The study aimed to determine the factors that affect the demand for water in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State, the factors that affect the water supply in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State and economic effects of pollution on demand and supply of pure water in Ekeremor community in Bayelsa State. three research questions and hypotheses were constructed to guide the study. The study adopted the descriptive research design where three research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. 120 copies of questionnaire were structured and distributed and research questions were analysed with mean score while hypotheses were analysed with Chi Square statistics. The study concluded that there is high demand for pure water for Ekeremor community and the demand for pure water is not seasonal in Ekeremor community and there is economic effects of pollution on the supply and demand for water. the study recommended that the government should help the people in the community with quality water supply so that scarcity of water will not affect the people in the community.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page - - - - - - - -- - i

Title - - - - - - - - - - ii

Certification - - - - - - - - - iii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - v

Table of Contents - - - - - - - - vi

Abstract - --- - - - - - - - x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study - - - - - -

1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - -

1.3 Research Questions - - - - - - -

1.4 Research Hypotheses - - - - - - -

1.5 Aim and Objective of the Study - - - - -

1.6 Significance of the Study - - - - - -

1.7 Scope of the Study - - - - - - -

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms Used - - - -

CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Water , its use and  importance - - - - -

2.2 Concept on the effect of pollution on demand and supply of water -

2.3   Concept on the causes of water pollution   - - - - -

2.4  Economic Impact of Pollution on Water Demand - - -

2.5 Theory on ecological perspective of change and development- -

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES

3.1 Research Design - - - - - - -

3.2 Research Instrument - - - - - - -

3.3 Validity of the Instrument - - - - - -

3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques - - - -

3.5 Population of the Study - - - - - -

3.6 Method of Data Collection - - - - - -

3.7 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - -

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 Presentation and Results - - - - - -

4.2 Data Analysis based on Research Questions - - - -

4.3 Discussion of the Findings - - - - - -

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of the Study - - - - - - -

5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - -

5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - -

5.4 Suggestions to Further Studies - - - - - -

References - - - - - - - - - -

Appendix - - - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Water is seen as essential commodity in the world and it is seen  everywhere, but access to clean water is scares in almost every regions of the world.  According to Ojo (2010), access to quality and safe water supply has been on of the recurring issues on the developmental agenda of many countries over the past three to four decades. This is due to the importance of clean water to the health being of the people. The seriousness that is attached to the provision of safe water supply and consequent demand for water is particularly in the face of rapidly increasing global population. Sojobi (2015), emphasized that clean water is vital as basic human rights and sanitation at an affordable price and thus has a value as an economic good as well as a social good.

According to Goldman (2012), most developing countries have embarked upon special reforms of the clean water supply for humanity. The proactive role of multilateral organizations, principally the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in imposing reforms as conditionality for loans and debt service have been controversial yet recognized as a way to resolving the supplely and demand for water. In rural areas, the demand for clean water was due to the fact that water pollution has been a frequent occurrence in the areas. From that moment, clean water was seen as the coming in of public and private sector to the supply of clean water to the people. According to Mohammed and Dansabo (2018), a bill for an Act to establish National Water Supply (Regulation) Commission, of the water supply industry, to encourage private participate in water supply, to provide for licensing and regulation of activities involved in the provision of water, and for related matters was established in Nigeria.

Pollution is known as human activities which bring about some harmful materials into the environment where human live and the materials term harmful are called pollutants,it can be natural, such as volcanic ash etc. It can also be created by human activity such as trash or runoff produced by factories among others. Pollutants can damage the quality of air, water and land which will result to pollution. According to Ityavyar and Tyav (2010), he defined pollutes to mean, to make something dirty or no longer pure, especially by adding harmful or unpleasant substances to it. Committee on pollution of the United States National Research Council (1965) explains that pollution is an undesired change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of the air, land and water that may or will harmfully affect human life or that of other creatures. Pollution is one of the greatest challenges in this era of technological advancement. Pollution is a threat for environment and health stability and the earth ecosystem which undermines the economic and social development of nations and endangers the health of many people across the globe.

The effect of water pollution depends upon the type of pollutants and its concentration and the location of water bodies is an important factor to determine the levels of pollution. Water bodies in the vicinity of urban areas are extremely polluted. This is the result of dumping garbage and toxic chemicals by industrial and commercial establishments.Water pollution drastically affects aquatic life, it affects their metabolism, behaviour, causes illness and eventual death.The effect of water pollution can have a huge impact on the food chain, It disrupts the food-chain. Humans are also affected by pollution and can contract diseases such as hepatitis through faecal matter in water sources. Poor drinking water treatment and unfit water can always cause an outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera etc.

The ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and destructured because of water pollutionand since pollution has negative effects on human, animals and plants, it is important to note that its effects are group into economic, environmental and health. Economic effect of pollution discusses the financial implications that result from pollution on the people. Economic activities in rural areas include buying and selling of products as well as services. Nnamani (2018) notes that water diseases are caused by unsafe drinking water and absence of proper sanitation facilities which are among the lead cause of death  both plants and animals in rural area.

The demand and supply of water in rural areas in Nigeria is affected by the pollution of water. This pollution is linked to industrial pollution, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, industrial pollution has lead to water pollution and the availability of clean and safe water  for use remains an issue. According to Ojo (2011), revealed in a study that situation in the rural communities is characterised by a lot of water demand deficit and this has far reaching socio-economic implication for inhabitants of the areas. Very few rural villages in the region could boast of safe sources of water supply, hence they have to depend on traditional sources such as rain, springs, streams, ponds and hand-dug wells which pose health challenges due to pollution that are frequent in the areas. This is the reason the demand for pure(sachet) water is becoming high in these areas. From the above human pollute activities on water, no doubt, that it has economic effect of supply and demand for water especially in rural areas (Ekreremorcommunuity).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The search for quality water in Nigeria has brought about the production of pure/sachet water by private and publicbusinesses. Water has been known to have economic potentials owing to the large population of Nigeria and the possible failure of the government to provide clean water through ministry of water resources. The demand for water has gained high market penetration in the urban cities because of urbanization factors such as industrialization, and lack of access to quality water. Pollution in rural areas had cause so much economic struggle because and the people are not able to access clean water. The sources of water for the people in the rural areas remain the stream, rivers, ponds and wells. These traditional sources are often polluted by the people or natural occurrence. In the case of flood, the water is not safe for drinking and also during dry season, the water also is not safe as well. More importantly, water is seen as essential component for the preservation of the environment and ecosystem upon which human societies rely. In addition to enabling achievement of basic human needs which include and not limited to sanitation services, water as a resources is critical to sustainable development for its role as major source of energy, a key input to agriculture and industrial processes.

This might have resulted to the demand and supply of water and the economic effect it has on the people. It is on this that the research examine the economic effects of pollution in rural areas on demand and supply of pure(drinkable) water business and also seek to ascertain how water pollution can be managed in this areas. The essence of this study is to close the knowledge gap identified in the objective.

1.3 Research Questions

The following research questions were raised to guide the investigation:

1. What are factors that affect the demand for water in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State?

2. What are factors that affect the water supply in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State?

3. What is the economic effects of pollution on demand and supply of purewater in Ekeremor community in Bayelsa State?

1.4 Research Hypotheses

Ho₁ There is no significant factors that affect the demand for water in Ekerumor Coomunity in

Bayelsa State

Ho₂ There is no significant that affect the water supply in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State

Ho₃ There is no significant economic effects of pollution on demand and supply of purewater in Ekeremor community in Bayelsa State

1.5 Aim and Objective of the Study

The main aim and objective of the study on the economic effects of pollution on demand and supply of pure/sachet water in rural areas of BayelsaState are;

1. Determine the factors that affect the demand for water in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State.

2. Examine the factors that affect the water supply in Ekerumor Coomunity in Bayelsa State

3. Ascertain the economic effects of pollution on demand and supply of purewater in Ekeremor community in Bayelsa State

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study seeks to examine the impact of pollution on demand and supply of water in the rural area , a case study of Ekeremor community in Bayelsa State. Therefore, the studies will benefits government and the residents living in rural areas in Nigeria most specifically Ekeremorcommunity,Bayelsa State. This study will also throw more light to both the government, industries and residents on  how pollution can affect the demand and supply of water in rural area and the plight of the people on accessing clean water , the possible way to make provision for the people to access clean and safe water for usage. The residents in rural areas will benefit them because the outcome of the study will give insight to them on possible ways to see through economic lens and how it affect demand and supply. Finally, the study will become a research material for other researchers and will add  knowledge to the research.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study is limited to economic effects of pollution on the demand and supply of water in rural areas in Balyesa with emphasizes to water pollution and sources of water in among the people in Ekeremor community.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms Used

Pollutant: A foreign substance that makes something dirty or impure especially waste from human activities.

Pollute: To make water harmful for usage

Pollution: Pollution is known as human activities which bring about some harmful materials into the environment where human live.

Water: water is an indispensable need of man for existence.  This is because water serve the same purpose with food. Human cannot live without water

Demand and Supply: this is economic terminology that refers to the request made by someone and the ability to get the water within the specific time.

Riverine Community: This is the communities close to rivers and creeks in Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Pure Water: Domesticated water

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