BIOSORPTIVE POTENTIALS OF UNMODIFIES, CHEMICALLY MODIFIED AND CARBONIZED SAWDUST FROM SOME WOODY MAYERIALS FOR ZN, CU AND NI

Abstract

Adsorption can be applied for solution containing low concentration of heavy metals in which helps to investigate the influence of chemical modifications and carbonization of the adsorptive capacities of sawdust foe zinc copper and nickel. This metals help to evaluate ranged between 0.130% and 0.393% while volatile matter range between 0.120% in nickel for unmodified and 0.40% in chemically modified. Results also show highest value of volatile matter (0.401%) in modified while lowest value of (0.120%) was recorded in unmodified by nickel as a catalyst. Highest value of ash content (21.05%) was observed or recorded in chemically modified samples while cowest or least in an modify samples Result of fixed carbon show general increase in carbonized than unmodified and modified. These result show that nickel, copper and zinc have good adsorption capacity for unmodified, chemically modified and carbonized form of sawdust.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1.3     NEED FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS

1.4     AIM OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BIOSORPTION

2.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF BIOSORPTION

2.1.2 DISADVANTAGES OF BIOSORPTION

2.2 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF ADSORBENTS

2.2.1 CARBONIZATION OF ADSORBENTS

2.3 SAWDUST

2.4 G.MELINA ARBOREA (family verbenaceae) is a fast growing tree

2.5 MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA)

2.6     HEAVY METALS

2.6.1 NICKEL (N1)

2.6 ZINC (Zn)

2.6.3 COPPER (CU)

2.6.4 METHODS OF REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1     MATERIALS

3.1.1     APPARATUS

3.1.2    REAGENTS

3.2            METHODOLOGY

3.2.1    SAMPLING

3.2.2    SAMPLE PREPARATION AND PRE-TREATMENT

3.2.3    PROXIMATE ANALYSIS

3.2.3.1                     MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION

3.2.3.2                     Volatile matter content

3.2.3.4 ASH CONTENT DETERMINATION

3.2.3.5   PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON BY CARBONIZATION

3.2.4    METHOD

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.5 DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The industrial revolution in the past five decades have been remarkable due to an thropogenic activities resulting from increasing population, industrialization and urbanization leading to environmental pollution (Adejo efal, 2014).

A greater percentage of the pollutants that food its way into the environment are the heavy metals whose sources could be natural or anthropogenic. Natural sources includes, volcanic eruptions, forests fire, deep sea, vent and greyer, which anthropogenic sources include mining and smelting, painting and coating etc. (Abdillahi, 2013) metals exhibits health uses like the problems in the synthesis of hemoglobin effect on the kidney, gastro intestinal track, reproductive system and acute or chronic damage to the nervous system (Berman, 2016).

Agricultural waste have been recognized as cheap material for the removal of toxic metals (Azza et al, 2014). Activated carbin can be produced using two different process from a variety of carbonaceous source material.

It can be produced using ether physical or chemical activation. It is used in heater purification, food industry, oil and gas production chemical industry medicine etc. (Eyiyceme, 2018).

The adsorption capacity of agricultural by products have been shown to be dependent on various factors such as ph, temperature, adsorbent type, Adsorbentr concentration and other physiologic chemical properties (Agada, et al 2015). Heavy metals cannot be destroyed through biological degradation as in the case with most organic pollutants, therefore, it is important to enhance the adsorption capacities of agricultural wasted through modifications (Igwe, 2017). Sawdust is widely produced through sawing of woods in various locations. Most of this are discarded as waste, the use of these materials for adsorption purposes will also enhanced environmental dealiness.  

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Metals exhibits health issues like in the problems in the synthesis of hemoglobin, effects on the kidney, gastro intestinal frack, reproductive system and acute or chromic damage to the nervous system (Berman, 2016). The heavy metals hazardous to human includes copper, zinc, etc. Such metals are found naturally in the food in trace amount which pose few problem which concentrated in a particular area however, they presents a second damage when in high concentrations (Barker 2015)

1.3     NEED FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS

continues discharge of industrial domestic and agricultural waste in rivers and lakes cause deposit of pollutants in sediment such pollutants includes heavy metals which endanger public health after being incorporated in food chain. Excessive amount of some heavy metals can be toxic through direct action of the metals or through their inorganic salts or via organic compound from which the metal can become easily detached or introduce into the cell (c faisal, 2013).

1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the project is to investigate the influence of chemical modification and carbonization of on the adsorptive capacities of sawdust obtained from different woody materials for zonic, copper and nucleic from aqueous solutions.

1. Conventional methods for removal of heavy metals from solution includes theme are numerous methods of exist to remove detrimental metal ions from aqueous solution they are as follows, chemical precipitation adsorption ion-exchange, electro chemical treatments reverse osmosis etc.

The use of these conventional methods however has been abandoned mostly due to certain disadvantages these inudes,

1.       Incomplete metal ions removals.

2.       High reagent and energy requirement

3.       Generation of toxic sludge or other waste product.

  The use of biomass for heavy metal remediation has advantage over conventional methods. These includes,

1. Adsorption can be applied for solutions containing low concentration of heavy metal ion.

ii) activated combine has been the most used adsorbent for adsorbing various substances.

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