IMPACT OF BROADCAST MEDIA CAMPAIGN ON FAMILY PLANNING IN NIGERIA USING SAPELE AS CASE STUDY
ABSTRACT
This study examined the effectiveness of the broadcast media, specifically radio and television in creating and disseminating family planning information on matters of number and spacing of children in rural Nigeria, using Ebelle community in Igueben Local Government Area of Edo State as a study case. To achieve the set task, the paper employed the survey questionnaire method to gather data. Out of the 140 questionnaires administered, 100 were retrieved and analysed, using descriptive statistics. In the end, the study revealed that radio and television, through certain programmes, have helped in the dissemination of relevant information on family planning in rural settings just as they have purportedly done in urban centres in Nigeria. Hence, the paper recommended that the broadcast media should be massively deployed to disseminate relevant messages on issues such as contraceptive alternatives, distended family size, female genital mutilation, “area boys” cultism in the streets, sexually transmitted infections, malnutrition, among others, that have the potentials of destroying family hood. Ultimately, the redress of these challenges would redound to the cohesion and progress of the average rural family in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE - ii
DECLARATION - iii
CERTIFICATION -
DEDICATION - v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study - - 1
1.2 Statement of Problem - - 8
1.3 Objective of the Study - 10
1.4 Research Questions- - - - 11
1.5 Statement of the Hypothesis 12
1.6 Significance of Study - 13
1.7 Scope of the Study - - 14
1.8 Definition of Key Terms - 15
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction - - - - 18
2.2 Conceptual Framework - - 33
2.3 Theoretical Framework - - 45
2.4 Empirical Review - - - 50
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design -- 56
3.2 Population of the Study - 57
3.3 Sample Size - -- 57
3.4Sampling Technique - 58
3.5 Method of Data Collection - 58
3.6 Technique for Data Analysis - 59
3.7 Model Specification and Variable Definition -59
3.8 Measurement of Variables - - 59
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Presentation of Data - -- 60
4.2 Discussion of Findings - - 79
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary - - 80
5.2 Conclusion - -- 80
5.3 Recommendations - 93
References - - 95
Appendix - - 98
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Family planning communications campaigns have been shown to increase contraceptive use, but it remains unclear whether exposure to message about contraception through multiple media sources has a greater impact than exposure through one medium.
Dated from a nationally representative sample of 4, 225 women who participated in the 1994 Tanzania knowledge, attitude and practice survey were used to assess the impact of mass media family planning campaigns on contraceptive behavior and contraceptive behavior, multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between specific media campaign and contraceptive use the move types of media that women are expose to, the move likely they are to practice contraception. Women who recalled six media sources of family planning message were 11 times as likely as women who recalled no media sources to be using a modern method. Women who recalled family planning message were twice as likely as women who recalled no media sources to be using a modern method. Women who recalled family planning message in the media were also more likely to have discussed family planning with their spouse and to have visited a health facility than were women who could not remember and such intervention. After introduction of controls for other variables, women who recalled radio messages about family planning were 1.7 times as likely as women who reported no exposure through radio programs to have discussed family planning with their spouse and were 1.9 times as likely as likely to have been currently using family planning.
Multiple media sources of information on contraception reinforce one another and extend the reach of a family planning campaign. Complementary message may help to create an environment where the practice of contraception is perceived as a social norm. various media to promote family planning and other reproductive health issues. Research based on nationally representative surveys confirms a strong association between exposure to family planning messages in the mass media and contraceptive use, even after the effects of social and demographic variable are controlled for. For example an analysis of the 1989 Kenya demographic and Health Survey found that contraceptive prevalence was nearly 50% among women who recalled hearing or seeing family planning messages in three media (Radio, Print and Television) compared with recall any family planning message in the media family planning refers to the use of modern contraception and other methods of birth control to regulate the number timing and spacing of human births. It allows parents particularly mothers to plan their lives without being overly subject to sexual and social imperatives. However, family planning is not seen by all as a humane or necessary intervention. It is an average contestation within broader social and political conflicts involving religious and cultural injunctions patriarchal subordination of women, social-class formation, and global political and economic relations. Family planning and access to contraception reduce the amount of maternal and child deaths. In fact, according to Melinda Gate’s talk every year 100, 000 women who don’t want to be pregnant die in child birth and about 600, 000 women who don’t want to be pregnant give birth to a baby who dies in first month of life.
The use of contraception can significantly decrease the 75million unintended pregnancies and 20 million unsafe abortion that occur every year world wild. Unintended pregnancies lead to more than one in three maternal deaths and one in four infant deaths worldwide according to Gutt Marcher Institution. Unwanted pregnancies may lead to abortion, indeed the center for Bioethical reform estimate that about 42 million abortions are perform each year around the would about 83% of which are done in developing countries. Although it is less likely for a married woman than unmarried woman to choose abortions for an unwanted pregnancy. Following a natural or artificial family planning method, newlyweds and young married couples have a better chance of avoiding unwanted pregnancies and going through the painful process of abortion. With the world suffering from environmental problems such as pollution and global warming, any way to bring this number down will go a long way toward ensuring that whatever resource we have can conserved for the future generations. Family planning is one of the best ways to slow down population growth and manage resources.
Family planning is not just about planning when to have children and how to avoid getting pregnant using natural and artificial methods, it’s also about practicing safe sex. Using artificial family planning methods such as practicing safe sex, condoms and diaphragms go a long towards ensuring that you remain healthy despite having an active sex life. Studies shows that children who are born at least two years apart in a household are more likely to have better lives than children born month or a year after another. In terms of health statistics show that spacing pregnancies at least two years apart improves infant survivals by 50%. If the couple plans to have children, during this period of time increase chances of surviving through infancy and remaining healthy throughout their lives. The proponents of this approach have argued that the increasing availability of radio, television and the print media in developing countries can be effective in creating a positive social environment for a behavior by bringing absolute a shift in popular opinion and influencing people’s behavior. Mass media can be powerful for stimulation people’s desiring for more information and facilitating their efforts to apply the information to their own behavior.
Recent studies on the interrelation between mass media and family planning in developing countries have found out that the media do influence behavior in Nigeria. There had been exposure to family planning messages in the media and contraceptive behavior. There have also been relationships between exposure to media message on family planning and a number of indicators of reproductive behavior. The result show that women who are exposed to such messages in the media are more likely to use an “enter-educated” approach has become attractive to communicate experts. This approach uses the entertainment components of mass media, such as song and drama to drive home the intended message. The assumption here is that people tend to adopt a behavior faster if they are motivated by those they consider role model. The international conference on population and development (ICPD), held in Cairo in 1994, is generally considered to have ushered in a new approach to population and development, upholding reproduction health and rights of women over meeting numerical goals for reducing fertility and population growth. Departing from earlier position and upholding voluntary choice in family size, the ICPU program of action states that demographic goals in the form of targets and quotes for the recruitment of clients should not be imposed on the family. Planning providers and empresses disapproval of the use of incentives and disincentives it acknowledge the settings to be defined in terms of needs for family planning, information and services (United Nation, 1994) but as human right activists concerned with continued abused in family planning program point out, there is still a ling way o go in establishing polices and ethical standards to ensure that the new health and women’s right objectives are achieved.
Given the massive increase in population in the south hemisphere countries since world II, much of global family planning efforts have been directed toward those poor countries of the so called third world. The followers of Maithus, the Neo Malth-Usians, have extended his thinking blaming global poverty, political insecurity and environment degradation on the “population explosion” and calling for population control as the primary solution to this problems their efforts have helped turn family planning into a vast establishment of governmental and non- governmental organizations with financial, technological and ideological power emanating from the capitals in the North towards the remote corners of the south within countries in the south. The hierarchical family planning model spreads from professional elite in the cities to the poorest men and women in the village in India alone, there are an estimate 250,000 family planning workers every year vast amounts of money are spread to promote to promote “contraceptive acceptance” among the poor populations in the world contraceptive use in the developing world has increase from less than 10 percent to couples to reproductive age in the 1960’s to 50 % (42% excluding India) in 1990’s the rapidly falling birth rates. In the third world are generally attributed to the family planning revolution represented by expanding use of modern contraceptives. Poverty and adverse social conditions including lack of information and access to other methods of birth control, threats of discontinued social benefits and economic incentives/disincentives have define the operation of many third family planning directed at poor communities of color in the United States. in the early 2000’s a nonprofit organization known as C.R.A.C.K (Children requiring a caring community) satirized or where using a long term birth control method such as Norplant, Depo-Provera, or an IUD (American Public Health Association) role of mass media in the national task of promoting family planning and fertility decline the question here is that does the Nigeria demographic and health survey show the strong positive relationship between mass media and reproductive behavior found in other DHS countries with similar data e.g. Ghana and Kenya in sub-Saharan African.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
The incessant warning and report about population explosion in Nigeria have been timed as more fallacy. Nevertheless the national council for population and environment activities (NCPEA) has continuously warned against increasing population growth. Culminating to population explosion and environment hazards, the incidence of those population explosion and environment hazards, on the economy, in essence, it becomes necessary to identify the information efficiency of these campaigns, their acceptance and references to the people hence the thrust of this study.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are as follows;
i. To assess the impact of broadcast media of family planning campaign in Nigeria.
ii. To ascertain the extent to which the campaign message have been accepted and the principle adopted by the intended targets.
iii. To find out how effective the broadcast media has been influencing attitude and behavioral change on the part of Nigeria parents towards family planning.
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions formulated for the study are listed below;
1. Does exposure to broadcast media campaign message on family planning enhance good health family environment?
2. Does the acceptance of broadcast media message on fam8ily planning campaign tend to promote the greater awareness towards positive constitution to the economic and educational well-being of the society?
3. To what extent has the acceptance of broadcast media campaign messages on family planning been able to control population growth?
1.5 Significance of the Study
It has been observed in every part of the country that population growth has out grown the available resources. It has been statistically proved that the current population has gone beyond the available resources can contend with.
There are increasing rates of unemployment, environmental hazards, poor child health and increased incidence of material mortality is the country on a daily basis. It becomes imperative therefore, to alert Nigerian parents on the dangers inherent in overpopulation and its attendant problems to family and the nation.
It is equally important to reveal the extent of havoc it as caused in the economic growth and development of the nation and more importantly on the child’s welfare more so to proffer solutions avert further increase in the population growth for the future well being of our society.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study is to find out the effectiveness of mass media as a tool for promoting family planning campaign in Sapele.
Sapele is a city in Delta State, Nigeria and it coordinates 5054.N 5040.E / 5.9000N 5.6670E. By the mid-19th century, Sapele was established as a trading village, occasionally visited by Europeans. In 1891, the British government established a vice-consulate at Sapele. The population grew to 33,638 by 1952, including people from many Nigerian tribes.
Today the city has one of Nigeria’s major ports. Its industries include the processing of timber, rubber, and palm oil, as well as furniture, tamarind balm and footwear manufacturing. As of 1995, its population was 135,800. And as of 2005 to date, the population of this advancing city is 145, 652.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
Due to inadequate to embark on more extensive study, there was a logistics problem of having to meet with the media practitioners.
Additionally, respondents were unwilling to provide information for fear that the information was sensitive.
Besides, these respondents considered certain information as classified and confidential, and were unwilling to share the information.
The researcher, therefore, took the necessary steps and measures to ensure that proper communication was made on the purpose of the study and assured the respondents of confidentiality of information provided.
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