ABSTRACT
Soil failure is a common sight in Nigeria
road and structural constructions. The main purpose of this project is to
investigate the suitability of the available laterite materials in Ilorin east
local Government.
To determine the suitability of the soil in
the three selected areas, Various tests were carried out on- the samples and
those are classification test which is a test used in determining the type of
soil. Also strength evaluation test was also done on the soil samples so as to
determine the bearing capacity, density and strength of the soil and such
strength evaluation tests, CBR test and moisture content test.
The project was undertaken following various
laboratory soil test result to ascertain the type, strength and suitability of
soil for any civil Engineering work.
After all these have been performed results
are observation were made and final conclusion and recommendation were taken.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of content vii
List of table viii
List of figure ix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Lateritic Soil 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem 2
2.1 Aim and Objectives 2
1.1 Lateritic Soil 3
1.1 Statement of the Problem 3
2.1 Aim and objectives 3
1.3 Justification of Study 3
1.4 Scope of the Project 3
1.5 Methodology 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Formation of Laterite Soil 6
2.2 Formation of Laterite Soil 7
2.3 Concept
of Latrite For Pavement Design 8
2.4 Laterite
for Subgrade, Base Course and Surfacing 9
2.5 Mineralogical and Physical
Characteristics of Laterite Soil 10
2.6 Definition
of Road 11
2.7 Types
of Roads 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research
Methodology 13
3.1 Collection
of Samples 13
3.2 Laboratory
Tests 14
3.3 Particle
Size Distribution Test 14
3.4 Compaction
Test 15
3.5 Atterberg
Limit Test 17
3.6 California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test 19
3.7 Natural
Moisture Content 20
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Analysis, Result and Discussion 21
4.1 Sieve Analysis Test Result for Sample A 21
4.2 Compaction Test Result
for the Determination of Bulk Density and Dry Density 29
4.7 Liquid and Plastic Limit Test Result for
the Samples 36
4.5 Discussion of
Sieve Analysis, Compaction Atterberg Limit California
Bearing
Ratio Results 46
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 48
5.1 Conclusion 48
5.2 Recommendation 49
Reference 50
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Sieve Analysis Result for Sample (Oke-Oyi) 21
Table 2: Sieve Analysis Result for Sample (Oke-Ose) 24
Table 3: Sieve Analysis Result for Sample (Iponrin) 26
Table 4: Compaction text result for Sample (Oke-Oyi) 29
Table 5: Result of Moisture and Dry Density (Oke-Ose) 30
Table 6: Result of Moisture Content and Dry
Density (Oke-Oyi) 36
Table 7: Compaction Test Result for
Sample (Iponrin) 37
Table 8: Compaction Test Result for
Sample (Oke-Ose) 38
Table 9: Moisture Content Result for
Sample (Iporin) 40
Table 10; Compaction Result for Sample (Oke-Oyi) 42
Table 11: Compaction Result for Sample (Oke-Ose) 43
Table 12: Compaction Result for Sample (Iporin) 45
Table 13: CBR Result for Sample (Oke-Oyi) 42
Table 14: CBR Result for Sample (Oke-Ose) 44
Table 15: CBR Result for Sample (Iporin) 46
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure
1: Sample A (Oke-Oyi) Sieve Analysis 23
Figure
2: Sample B (Oke-Ose) Sieve Analysis 25
Figure
3: Sample C (Iponrin) Sieve Analysis 28
Figure
4: Sample A (Oke-Oyi) Compaction 31
Figure
5: Sample B (Oke-Ose) Compaction 33
Figure
6: Sample C (Iporin) Compaction 35
Figure
7: Sample A (Oke-Oyi) Liquid and
Plastic
Limit Test Result Sample 37
Figure
8: Sample B (Oke-Ose) Liquid and
Plastic Limit Test 39
Figure
9: Sample C (Iporin) Liquid and
Plastic Limit Test 41
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Soil is the cheapest and the most
widely used material in civil engineering projects as foundation material
either in its natural or improved form. It is highly heterogenous and an
isotropic in nature and existing with different engineering properties which
can be influenced to some extent by the presence of copper salt under the
influence of water (Kadiyah and Lal, 2006).
The properties of soil as engineering
material depends on its surface electrical charges, chemical composition size
and shape e.t.c. The chemical composition influences the exhibition of enormous
changes in the engineering properties especially in soil with high content of
clay materials (Singh and Singh, 2006).
The geotechnical characteristics of
soil are of great importance. The degree of these properties within certain
range has a useful meaning in determining the best and suitability of it, for
engineering construction especially for road construction (Ola, 2005).
1.1 Lateritic Soil
Laterite is well known in Asian
countries as a building material for more than 1000 years. It was excavated
from the soil and cut in form of large blocks; temples at Angkor are famous,
examples for this early use.
Laterite is one of the most valuable
materials for building. It is diffused in immense masses, without any
appearance of stratification and is placed over the granite that forms the
basis of Malayala. It is full of cavities and pores, and contains a very large
quantity of iron in the form of yellow and red ochres. In the mass while
excluded from the air, it is so soft, that any iron instrument readily cuts it,
and is dug up in square masses with a pick-axe, and immediately cut into the
shape wanted with a trowel, or large knife. It very soon after becomes as hard
as brick and resists the air and water much better than any brick (Werner
Schellmann, 1991).
The engineering behaviour of laterite
material from trial pits is influenced by some factors which includes origin
degree of weathering, mineral composition, environmental condition e.t.c. (Umebulues,
2001).
The result of these properties helps a
lot and will serve as a guide in prospective works. This will also provide
engineers with quick method of checking which material is best fit on the
alternative for road construction (Clarke, 2007).
1.0.1
The
importance of laterite as building material has already been mentioned. More
relevant as their local use for the construction of simple houses in their
application as a road building material. The suitability of lateritic materials
above all of lateritic gravel is tested by several methods of engineering
geology.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Misunderstanding soils and their
properties can lead to construction errors. The suitability of a soil for a
particular use should be determined based on it engineering characteristics and
not on usual inspection or apparent similarity to other soil.
Some particles of laterite tend to
crush easily under impart disintegrating into a soil may be self hardening when
exposed to drying or if they are not self hardening, they may contain
appreciable amounts of hardened lateritic rock or gravel.
1.2 Aim and Objectives
The aim and objectives of this project
include:
1.
To determine how suitable and durable the
available laterite material in Ilorin East Local Government is for road
construction.
2.
To carryout some geotechnical tests required
for the strength evaluation of laterite material in order to determine its
constructional suitability in road construction.
3.
To determine the strength of laterite and its
durability.
4.
To determine whether these laterite materials
meet the American Standard Test Method (ASTM) specification for road
construction.
5.
To draw conclusion and recommendation from the
evaluation as a standard for prescription of trial pits selected in Ilorin East
Local Government Area to Engineers and Construction Industries.
1.3 Justification of Study
Due to the fact that laterite is a
paramount material in the construction of road, it has to be investigated to
determine its suitability for the construction of our roads.
1.4 Scope of the Project
The knowledge of the use of laterite
for road construction is increasingly going far and wide over the years.
For the purpose of this research, the
study shall be limited to Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State in
which the following laboratory test will be carried out on each samples of
soil, the laboratory test are particle size distribution test. Atterberg’s
limit test, compaction test, Natural Moisture Content and Califonia Bearing
Ratio (CBR) test.
1.5 Methodology
This project will deal with the field
and laboratory test of laterite material for road construction. Three different
trial pit in Ilorin East Local Government Area will be selected.
The sample will be collected
from three trial pit locations and will be labeled thus:
SAMPLE A
SAMPLE B
SAMPLE C
The engineering tests required for
strength evaluation will be carried out such tests include CBR, Atterberg limit
test, particle size distribution test, compaction test and natural moisture
content.
The analysis of the result follows and
the conclusion and recommendation were made.
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