ABSTRACT
The
need for an authentic and reliable report relating to the repairs and
rehabilitation of a faulty air-conditioner is inevitable.
Many homes
and offices uses the air-conditioner to cool he temperature in their respective
homes. So the maintenance of the
air-conditioner should be a top priority of every individual in order to avoid
huge expenditure in the repairs of the system.
It’s for this reason that this report is written for the benefit of
those whom are privileged to own an air-conditioner in their respective homes.
This report
is based on ordinary and advanced level research, in order to aid easy reading
and understanding for an average person.
This report begins with an introduction into the relevance of an air –
conditioner, the history, description of the important components of the air –
conditioner, the general maintenance and regular maintenance an serving, one is
expected to carryout for effective performance of the air-conditioner and the
faults discovered together with the repairs carried out.
Subsequently,
advanced information pertaining to the repairs and calculations involving a
faulty air conditioner have been giving certain sections of this report, which
will be beneficial to those interested in the repairs of the faulty air
conditioner.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Literature Review
1.3
Definition Of An Air Conditioner
1.4
Why We Use Air Conditioner
1.5
Significance Of Study
1.6
Limitation Of Study
1.7
Basic Components Of Air Conditioner
1.8
Functions Of The Components
1.9
Air Conditioning System And Properties Of Air
CHAPTER
TWO
2.1
Statement Of Problem/Faults
2.2
How To Detect The Faults
2.3
Brief Explanation Of Major Tools And Equipment’s Used
2.4
Detecting Of Faults
2.5
Correction Of Faults
2.6
Connection Of The Electrical Components
2.7
Detection Of Shortage Of Gas In The System
2.8
Replacement Of Front Grille And Filter
CHAPTER
THREE
3.1
Maintenance
Of Breakdown Air Conditioner
3.2
Causes Of Air Conditioner Breakdown
3.3
What Is Breakdown Maintenance
3.4
Categories Of Maintenance
3.5
Groups Of Air Conditioner Maintenance
3.6
General Maintenance And Repairs Schedules
3.7
Safety Precautions
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.1
Principle Of An Air Conditioner
4.2
Mathematical Representations And Thermal Efficiency
4.3
Mathematical Analysis And Calculations
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.1 Cost
Analysis
CHAPTER
SIX
6.1
Performance
6.2
Conclusion
References
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Over the
years, all the tropical countries have been faced with the problem of air
around them. The relative humidity of
air in most of the tropics is very low; Hence the comfort is not there with the
populace especially in the places of work.
This consequently reduces the work rate of workers thereby affecting the
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT of a country.
To this
effect, the engineers and scientists are looking into the methods of bringing
comfort to the people while at home and at work. They produced an appliance to help produce a
cooler temperature for individuals known as AIR CONDITIONER. This appliance has been in operation for a
very long time but most users prefer dumping their old ones for new Air
conditioner due to lack of knowledge on how to maintain, repair or even
rehabilitate minor faults in an air conditioner.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The origin
of an air conditioner is necessary to trace.
Its original conception, and the people that were involved in its
production at its initial state.
An air conditioner was gradually
developed and produced for cooling, cleaning
heating and facilitating ventilating processes such as:
The end of
the 15th century, Leonardo da rinci had built the first ventilating
fan. In the year 1959,
Boyle and also in the year 1800, Dalton discovered both discovered laws for
ideal gases.
In 1815
Robertson Buchanan published the first book on heating and ventilation. In the
middle of the 19th century fans, boilers and radiators had been
invented.
In 1834,
Alexander Twinning started commercial production of water ice, using the
compression pump and sulphuric either as refrigerant.
Second half
of 19th century, brought about the further development of ice making
and air conditioning processes.
In the 20th
century, Willis H. Carrier who is known as the “Father of Air Conditioning”
designed and installed the first year round air conditioning system. It was performing the four major functions of
heating, cooling, humidifying and dehumidifying of the air or rather using the
air washer.
Willis
H. Carrier (1976 – 1950) developed the applications of a forced draft fans,
pipe coil heaters, centrifugal compressors, invented a psychometric chart and
generally laid down the theory of air conditioning on a complete thermodynamic
basis. On the most famous paper
“Regional psychometric formulae” published in the year 1911, Willis Carrier
related the dry bulb, we bulb; dew point temperatures of air with its sensible,
latent and total heat and presented a theory adiabatic chart.
Air
conditioning was increasingly been in use after Willis carrier’s invention; in
cotton, rayon, silk, paper, tobacco,
cady pharmaceutical and printing industries all around the world.
The first
comfort for the people the air-conditioning was first installed in cinema building
in 1920 in Chicago, employing dry ice machine and in 1922 in Los – Angeles
using ammonia compressors.
This
brought about an increase in demand and expansion in air conditioning equipment
sales to cinema, office building, hostels, hospitals, airport terminal,
departmental stores, banks, shops, and individual homes etc in the market, the
buyers were assumed of better packages than the earlier ones.
1.3 WHAT IS
AN AIR CONDITIONER
The
provision of it can be defined as the process of treating air in order to clean
or purify it, to control its temperature and humidity by heating or cooling and
by humidifying and dehumidifying and to supply sufficient outdoor air for
ventilation. The word air conditioning
is employed to any process or system which fulfil all these requirements.
1.4 WHY WE
USE AIR CONDITIONER
1.
According
to science, oxygen is needed for human life and for any living thing to stay
alive, is one of the vital use of an air conditioner.
2.
Air
acts as a dilatants; ie the amount of air required depends on the permissible
contaminant level for the room. The
contaminant may be C02 human skin or omission from any other
processes.
3.
The
air condition promotes air movement in t he space; this brings one of the
environment comfort factors.
4.
An
air conditioner controls air borne contamination i.e industrial ventilation.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The
purpose of studying about Air – conditioner is to show how necessary it is
needed in a house. In other words, when
one owns this appliance and it’s not functioning properly due to a faulty in
the system, this study is very important and a guide to the relevant steps of
maintaining and knowing what one should do in order to discover a fault in the
air conditioner and having a solution.
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY
We
are expected to explore all avenues and ways of finding the simple and adequate
procedures in repairing the Air conditioner given to us, our study without any
exception or delineated areas are left out.
Proper
maintenance of all types of air conditioner is the basis of our study.
1.7 BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN AIR CONDITIONER
The
air conditioning system has four basic component parts. These are as follows:
1.
Compressor
2.
Condenser
3.
Metering
device
4.
Evaporator
Furthermore,
there are other components as follows:
1.
Fan
motor
2.
Fan
blade
3.
Over
load
4.
Relay
5.
Drier
strainer
6.
Thermostat
7.
Flexible
cable
8.
Air
conditioning junction box
9.
Bulb
10.
Fiber
(lagging) material
11.
Switch
12.
The
working fluid (refrigerant)
13.
Back
cover (Hide)
14.
Capacitor
15.
Filter
16.
Grile
17.
Fan
Blower
18.
Capillary
1.8 FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPONENTS
COMPRESSOR: The
compressor can be explained as the heart of mechanical air conditioning system.
The
compressor pumps the refrigerant gas throughout the entire system. It draws cool refrigerant gas through the
suction line from the gas there by raising the pressure and temperature and
then pumps it into the discharge line.
There
are various types of compressor namely:
1.
Rotary
compressor
2.
Reciprocating
compressor
3.
Centrifugal
compressor
4.
Screw
compressor.
THE CONDENSER: The
condenser is a component in the air conditioner, which transfers heat from air
conditioning system to a medium where they can be absorbed and moves it to the
final disposal point.
The
condenser is the channel through which unwanted heat is liberated out of the
air conditioning system. It is the
condenser that superheated high pressured refrigerant vapour is cooled to its
boiling (conferring) point by rejecting sensible heat. The additional rejection of latent heat
causes the vapour to condense to the liquid state.
TYPES OF CONDENSER
1.
Water
cooled shell and cool condenser
2.
Water
cooled shell and tube condenser
3.
Air
cooled condenser
4.
Evaporative
condenser.
THE EVAPORATOR
The
evaporator is a device in the low pressure side of an air conditioning system
through which an unwanted heat flows.
The evaporator absorbs the heat into system in order that it may be
moved or transferred to the condenser.
The evaporator is also known as a “cooling” blower cool, “Chilling unit
“.
Its
ultimate function is to absorb heat from the surrounding air or liquid and by
means of refrigerant the heat is carried along out of the air-conditioned
areas.
TYEPS OF EVAPORATOR
1.
Shell
and tube direct expansion evaporator
2.
Shell
and tube flooded evaporator
3.
Submerged
coil evaporator
4.
Boud
lot/coolers.
OTHER COMPONENTS AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS
DRIER/STRAINER: This
serves as the filter for the filtration of the refrigerant gas, also small
amount of heat reduction takes place in it.
OVER LOAD AND RELAY: These are sensitive materials inside the air
conditioner, they serve the purpose of protecting the compressor by tripping
off any unwanted current coming into the compressor thereby preventing damage
to compressors.
THERMOSTAT: This can be explained as when the air conditioner
attains its maximum cooling point, the thermostat will cut off current; also,
it trips off the compressor when the voltage is low.
FLEXIBLE CABLES: Flexible
cables are their copper wire that supplies current from the power source with
the help of plug to the air conditioner.
BULB: Bulb is a power indicator, it
lights up when the current has entered the air conditioning system.
FOAM THAT COVERS THE
INTERNAL BODY: This
is a substance which covers the in cover of the air conditioner so as to avoid
loss of cool air or escape of cooled air that comes from the evaporator.
SWITCH: The
switch controls the current coming into the air conditioning system; that is,
it is the key which opens and closes (on and off) the activities of the air
conditioner.
FRONT GRILLE: Front grille is used to cover the
front part of an air conditioner in other to prevent damages to other
components a round it.
FAN MOTORS: It
is known as the unit in between the fan blade and the fan blower where the
current is produced to drive the fan blade and fan blower.
FAN BLADE: The fan blade is located at the
back of the condenser. It blows away hot
air from the room.
FAN BLOWER: This
can be located at the back of the evaporator system. It blows cool air from the system into the
room.
FILTERS: This
is an instrument that filters the air in other to prevent the dust in the air
from entering the evaporator.
CAPACITOR: The capacitor is a unit used to
charge and draw more current; it is also used for starting period in
maintaining the lowest mark of change in temperature from hot to cold.
CAPILLARY
TUBE/METERING DEVICE: This
device is carefully calibrated in length and inside diameter to meet the exact
amount of liquid refrigerant flow required for each unit.
FIBER (LAGGING)
MATERIAL: This
material is mostly made of wool and it is used to prevent the loss of heat in
order to maintain the temperature of the air conditioner.
1.9 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM/THE PROPERTIES OF
AIR
Air
is the medium at which an air conditioner works, before we cool or heat it, we
have to condition it first; by so doing, it cools or heats a building and makes
its occupants comfortable.
An
air conditioning is the complete conditioning of air by heating, cooling,
humidifying, dehumidifying, filtering, cleaning and distribution.
All
the systems do not require the
induction of all these conditioning processes, but each system requires
consideration of all the processes. The
atmospheric air is composed of (i) Dry air (ii) Moisture in the form of water
vapour or s team (iii) impurities such as smoke, dust and toxic gases.
Pure
dry air is a moisture of several gases like oxygen, nitrogen and varying amount
of carbon (iv) oxide and the inert gases.
PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT
OF AIR
|
GASES
|
PERCENTAGE
IN DRY AIR
|
|
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE
OTHER GASES
|
77
22
0.04
0.96
|
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