ABSTRACT
The prevalence of salmonella species isolated from intestinal fluid of cows in Ubakala Town, Umuahia South Abattoir Abia State, was investigated. A total of 70 samples were collected from different slaughtered cows using a sterile swab sticks. Out of the 70 (100%) samples collected 40 (60%) were positive for salmonella species. The high prevalence of Salmonella species in this study is of great public health concern since salmonella infectious are zoonotic in nature.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Cover page
ii
Certification
iii
Acknowledgements
iv
Table of contents
v
List of
Tables
vii
Abstract
viii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1
INTROUCTION 1
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2
2.1 Salmonella as Disease Causing Agent 2
2.2 Etiology and Characteristics 3
2.3 Sources
of Infection 3
2.4 Transmission
of Salmonella 4
2.5 Human Salmonella
Infection 4
2.6 Enterocolitis 6
2.7 Transmission
to Human 6
2.8 Treatment
of Salmonella 8
2.9 Classes
of Antibiotics Used in Treatment of Salmonella
Infection 8
2.10 Mode of Action 9
2.11
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Salmonella, Problems and Perspective
In Food and Water Borne Infection. 10
2.12 Mechanisms of Resistance 11
2.13 Prevention
and Control in Human 12
2.14 Prevention
and Control in Animals 13
2.15 General
Prevention and Control 14
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 15
3.1 Study
Area 15
3.2 Collection
of Samples 15
3.3 Sterilization
of Materials 15
3.4 Preparation
of Culture Media 15
3.5 Identification
of the Isolates 16
3.6 Gram
Staining 16
3.7 Motility
Test 16
3.8 Sugar
Fermentation Test 17
3.9 Indole
Test 17
3.10 Methyl
Red Test 17
3.11 Citrate
Utilization Test 18
3.12 Urea Test 18
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 19
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 22
5.1 Discussion 22
5.2 Conclusion 22
5.3 Recommendations 22
References 24
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Prevalence of Salmonella isolates from cow intestine 19
Table 2: The Results of Biochemical
Test for Salmonella Positive Samples 21
CHAPTER
ONE
INTROUCTION
The genus Salmonella was named after Daniel E. Salmon who was first reported
the isolation of Salmonella from a
pig in 1885 and named the organism bacterium cholerasuis (currently known as salmonella enteric serova rcholerasuis).
Salmonella are gram negative bacteria
which belong to the genus salmonella, the family enterobacteriaceae. They are
small facultative anaerobic, straight rods 0.7-1.5x2 -5nm in size. Salmonella causes gastroenteritis and
typhoid fever and is one of the major food borne pathogens of significant
public health concern. Salmonella is
considered as one of the most wide spread food borne zoonosis in industrialized
as well as developing countries. Salmonella
live in the intestinal tract of human and other animals including birds. Human
are usually infected by eating foods that are contaminated with animal feces
and contaminated water.
Contaminated foods are often of
animal origin such as beef, poultry, milk or eggs, but food including fruits
and vegetables may become contaminated.
Contaminated foods usually look and smell
normal; contamination should not be expected to be visible.
Salmonella
in animals always present a potential zoonotic threat; One of the aspects of
minimizing health risk of Salmonella
is by proper sanitation.
Aims
and Objectives
The aim of this research is to
determine the prevalence of Salmonella
isolates from intestinal fluid of cows in ubakala Town in Umuahia south commercial slaughter
house (abattoir).
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