STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT SALMONELLA SPECIES FROM HOSPITAL AND NON-HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENTS IN ABIA STATE

ABSTRACT

This work was done to study the distribution of antibiotic resistant Salmonella species from hospital and non-hospital environment. Clinical sample such as stool and non-clinical sample such as swabs of abattoir’s tables were inoculated on Samonella Shigella agar using the streak method of inoculation. Resistance testing using a different antibiotics was done using the disc diffusion method. The highest resistance level of both isolates from both environment was recorded against Nalidixic acid, Gentamycin and Ampicillin (100%). This was followed by Streptomycin and Ceporex (80% and 70% respectively for hospital and non-hospital environment). Ciproflox showed the highest activity against the isolates from the different environment (80% and 100% activity for hospital and non-hospital environment respectively). The Salmonella isolates from hospital environment were more susceptible than those from non-hospital environment. Proper use of antibiotics should be encouraged to avoid development of resistance by organisms. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                   i

Certification Page                                                                                               ii

Dedication                                                                                                 iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                    iv

Table of contents                                                                                                v

List of Tables                                                                                             ix

Abstract                                                                                                     x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction                                                                                              1

1.1     Background of Study                                                                       1

1.2     Aims and Objectives of Study                                                          3

CHAPTER TWO                           

2.0     Literature Review                                                                              5

2.1     Introduction                                                                                                5

2.1.1  Classification and Nomenclature of salmonella                                6

2.1.2  Clinical manifestations                                                                      7

2.1.3  Epidemiology of salmonella                                                              11

2.2     Characteristics of Salmonella                                                            15

2.2.1  Taxonomy                                                                                        15

2.3     Spectrum of Disease Caused by Salmonella species                          18

2.4     Pathogenesis of Salmonella species Infection                                    19

2.5     Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella species                                               21

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Materials and Methods                                                                     24

3.1     Study Area                                                                                        24

3.2     Sample Collection                                                                                      24

3.3     Method                                                                                             24

3.4     Isolation of Salmonella Species                                                        25

3.4.1  Hospitals Environments                                                                             25

3.4.2  Non-Hospital Environments                                                             26

3.4.3  Antibiotic sensitivity testing                                                             26

CHAPTER FOUR       

4.0     Results                                                                                              28

CHAPTER FIVE         

5.0     Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation                                 30

5.1     Discussion                                                                                        30

5.2     Conclusion                                                                                        33

References

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1:   Species and subspecies in the salmonella genus                      16

Table 2.2:   Antigenic formulae of some salmonella serotypes                            17

Table 4.1:   Sensitivity Test Result of Salmoenlla Typhi Isolated From Hospital Environment.                                                                           29

Table 4.2:   Sensitivity Test Result of Salmonella Species Isolated From Non Hospital Environment.                                                                 30

Table 4.3:   Resistant Rate of Salmonella Typhi to the Antibiotics (%).    31

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of Study

Antibiotic resistant of bacteria is a growing public health emergency since infections from resistant bacteria are more hard and costly to treat (USDA, 2011). Since the 1990, some strains of Salmonella became resistant to a range of antibiotics. The resistance is caused by the use of antibiotics in humans and animals husbandry. Nowadays, multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a critically important issue in public health (USDA, 2011).

Salmonellosis imposes a significant cost to society in many countries but just few countries report the data on economic cost of the disease (USDA, 2011). It is estimated that 1.4 million non-typhoid Salmonella infections resulted in 168,000 visits to physicians whereas 15000 hospitalizations and 580 deaths occur in the United States annually (USDA, 2011). The estimated cost per case of human salmonellosis was approximately US$ 1,938 and total cost was close to US$ 3 billion annually in the United States in 2010 (WHO, 2005).

Antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is either genetically inherent or the result of the microorganism being exposed to antibiotic. Most of the antibiotic resistance has emerged as a result of mutation or through transfer of genetic material between microorganisms. A broad variety of biochemical and physiological mechanisms are responsible for the development of resistance. Recent studies of almost 400 different bacteria have demonstrated about 20,000 possible resistance genes (Davies, 2010).

The use of antibiotics is the single most important factor leading to antibiotic resistance around the world. Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs used in human medicine. However, up to 50% of all the antibiotics prescribed for people are not needed or are not optimally effective as prescribed. Antibiotics are also commonly used in food animals to prevent, control, and treat disease, and to promote the growth of food-producing animals. The use of antibiotics for promoting growth is not necessary, and the practice should be phased out. Recent guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) describes a pathway toward this goal. It is difficult to directly compare the amount of drugs used in food animals with the amount used in humans, but there is evidence that more antibiotics are used in food production.

The other major factor in the growth of antibiotic resistance is spread of the resistant strains of bacteria from person to person, or from the non-human sources in the environment, including food.

There are four core actions that will help fight these deadly infections:

·        preventing infections and preventing the spread of resistance;

·        tracking resistant bacteria;

·        improving the use of today’s antibiotics;

·        promoting the development of new antibiotics and developing new diagnostic tests for resistant bacteria.

Bacteria will inevitably find ways of resisting the antibiotics we develop, which is why aggressive action is needed now to keep new resistance from developing and to prevent the resistance that already exists from spreading.

Antibiotics are used extensively to prevent or to treat microbial infections in human and veterinary medicine. Apart from their use in aquaculture, they are also employed to promote more rapid growth of livestock. Most of the compounds used in medicine are only partially metabolized by patients and are then discharged into the hospital sewage system or directly into municipal waste water if used at home. Along with excreta, they flow with municipal waste water to the sewage treatment plant (STP). They may pass through the sewage system and end up in the environment, mainly in the water compartment. Antibacterial substances used for livestock enter the environment when manure is applied to fields. These antibiotics may either end up in soil or sediment or in ground water.

1.2     Aims and Objectives of Study

The general objective of this project is to evaluate the distribution of antibiotic resistant Salmonella species in hospitals and non-hospitals environments.

The specific objectives are;

1.     To isolate Salmonella species from hospital and non-hospital environment.

2.     To determine the resistance pattern of the isolated Salmonella species.

3.     To determine the rate of occurrence of resistance to antibiotics by the isolates from the hospital and non-hospital environment.

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.