ABSTRACT
Hypertension
will be on a high increase among lecturers of Rivers State College of Health
Science and Management Technology base on the result found if it is not
controlled and manage. It was further identified on the result statistics that
36% of lectures out of 50 sample size were hypertensive and the major causes
identified was excess work, and lack of rest. It is very alarming that some of
who are diagnosed with hypertension never return for further follow up visit
and are risk of debilitating complications which are preventable in later life.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page - - - - - - i
Declaration - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - -
vi
Table of content - - - == - - -
vii-ix
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the Study- - - -
1 - 2
1.2 Statement
of Problem - - - - - - 2
1.3 Aim
and Objectives of the Study - - 3
1.3.1 General
Objectives - - - - -
3
1.3.2 Specific
Objectives - - - - 3
1.4 Significant
and Justification of the Study - -
3 - 4
1.5 Scope
and Delimitation - - - - 4
1.6 1.6 Research Questions - - - - 4
1.7 Definition of Terms - - - - -
5 - 6
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual
Frame Work - - - - 7
2.1.1 High
Blood Pressure - - - - - 7
- 8
2.1.2 Blood
Pressure - - - - -
8
2.1.3 Ranges/Classification
of Blood pressure - - -
9-10
2.1.4 Complication
of High Blood Pressure - - - 10-14
2.1.5 Types
and Causes of High Blood Pressure - - 14
2.1.6 Organs
of the Body Affected Implicated in High Blood Pressure - 15-16
2.1.7 Types
of Sphygmomanometer - - - -
16-17
2.1.8 Diagram
of sphygmomanometer - - - 17
2.1.9 Early
Signs and Symptoms of hypertension - -
17-18
2.1.10
People at Risk/Risk Factors of High Blood Pressure 18
2.1.10.1 Genetics - - - - - - - - 18
2.1.10.2 Gender - - - - - -
18-19
2.1.10.3 Race - - - - - - - - -
19
2.1.11 Prime
Causes of High Blood Pressure - -
19-21
2.1.11 Control and Management of High Blood
Pressure 21
2.1.11.1 Weight
Loss - - - - 21-22
2.1.11.2 Exercise - - - - - - - 22
2.1.11.3 Reduce
Salt Intake - - - -
22
2.1.11.4 Maintain dietary intake of
potassium, calcium and magnesium - 22-23
2.1.11.5 Cigarettes
Smoking Strategies - - - 23
2.1.11.6 Minimize
Alcohol Intake - - - -
23
2.1.11.7 Manage
Stress - -- - - - 24
2.1.11.8 Lowing
of Cholesterol - - - -
24-25
2.12 Drug
Treatment for High Blood Pressure - -
25
2.2 Emperical
studies - - - - - 25-26
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study
Area - - - - - -
27
3.2 Population
of the Study - - - - - 27
3.3 Research
Design - - - - - - 27
3.4 Samples
Size and Sample Procedure - - - 28
3.5 Instrument
for Data Collection - - - -
28
3.6 Validity
of an Instrument - - - 28
3.7 Method
of Data Collection - - - -
28
3.7.1 Precaution
on High Blood Pressure - - - 28
3.7.2 Procedure
for Blood Pressure Checkup - - -
29
3.7.3 Interpretation
- - - - - - - - 29
3.8 Analysis
of the Data - - - - - 29
3.9 Data
Presentation - - - - - -
29
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction - - - - -
30
4.1.1 Research
Results and Analysis - - - -
30-41
4.2 Discussion - - - - - -
42-43
CHAPTER
FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion - - - - - -
44
5.2.1
Recommendation - - - - - - - 44-45
REFERENCES - - - - - - 46-48
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of the Study
High
blood pressure is a non-communicable disease and a major cause of morbidity and
mortality globally. It counted for 7.5 million and 9.4 million deaths worldwide
in 2004 and 2010 respectively (Khan & Beevers),.
According
to (Kowalski, 2007) nearly 3.3 million South Africans with high blood pressure
that is left uncontrolled, contributed to the progression of cardiovascular
disease. A Manhattan stroke study in the United States of America, states that
black people are twice more risk than white people. The high incident rates of
stroke are similar to other black populations worldwide, including South Africa
(Allen, 2009). In 2002 it was named “The number one Killer” by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in the world health report. A cerebro-vascular accident is
the onset of neurological dysfunction, resulting from disruption of blood supply
to the brain (Allen, 2009). The small blood clots travel through the blood
stream and eventually block other vessels or the brain causing a
cerebro-vascular accident (Casey & Benson, 2006). There are certain risk
factors that we have no control over such as genetics, age, gender and race,
there are other risk factors we do have control over (Casey and Herbert, 2006).
One is obesity defined as being more than 20 percent of the ideal body weight
and identified by over eating (Casey and Benson, 2006). There could be many
reasons for the increase in patients with hypertension, such as the migration
of patients from neighboring countries, unhealthy lifestyle habits,
non-compliance to medication and a lack of knowledge of hypertension (High
Blood Pressure); such as increase, is still a factor not to be ignored.
Therefore there is a need to fill the gap regarding the magnitude (prevalence)
of HBP and to identify the factors associated with high blood pressure among
lecturers of Rivers state College of Health Science and Management Technology.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
Welman,
Kruger and Micell (2005) echoed that in the process of scientifically
investigating research problems, there must be discernment between different,
successive stage called empirical cycle. Therefore it appears that, since the
stress is one of the problems that can lead to high blood pressure and the
lecturers of Rivers State College Of Health Science & Management Technology
are passing through a lot of stress each day, in which some lecturers lectured
more than three courses per day, they are at a risk of debilitating
complications that leads to high blood pressure. And lack of knowledge can lead
to further serious complications
1.3 Aim
and Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Objectives
The
main aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of high blood pressure among
lecturers of Rivers State College of Health Science & Management Technology.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives are:
·
To determine the body mass index among
lecturers of Rivers State College Of Health Science & Management Technology
·
To determine the knowledge the lecturers
have of high blood pressure.
·
To promote more awareness of the cause
and consequences of high blood pressure.
·
To determine the prevalence of high
blood pressure among Rivers State College of Health Science & Management
Technology lecturers.
1.4 Significant
and Justification of the Study
The
study will contribute to other existing literature and help other researcher to
dwell into other area that this study could not touch.
The
major significance of this study is the examination of the prevalence of high
blood pressures among lecturers of Rivers State College of Health Science &
Management Technology. This study will help to highlight possible causes or factors
responsible for high blood pressure. The study will also assist parents,
lecturers, students, and readers of the work to watch out for the various
symptoms of high blood pressure.
The
study will be useful to schools, home and the society. It will give useful
information to anyone who may be interested in researching on the topic or
something related.
1.5 Scope
and Delimitation
The
study will focus on the prevalence of high blood pressure among lecturers of Rivers
State College of Health Science & Management Technology. The finding of
this study will be limited to lecturers of five different schools in Rivers
State College of Health Science & Management Technology.
1.6 Research
Questions
·
What is the prevalence of high blood
pressure?
·
How do you determine the body mass
index?
·
What are symptoms of high blood
pressure?
·
What are the causes and consequences of
high blood pressure?
·
How can we manage/control high blood
pressure?
1.7 Definitions
of Operational Terms
·
Blood Pressure: Is the amount of force exerted
by the blood on the inside of the arterial as the blood is pumped through the
circulatory system (WHO, 2005).
·
Lifestyle: According to an article by
(Adler, 2008) lifestyle is defined as a way people live typified by the
behaviour that makes sense to both others and oneself in a given time and
place. It includes social connection, activity and dress.
·
Cardiovascular Complications: The
vascular effects of raised blood pressure promote atherotrombotic disease, with
consequence for cardiac, cerebral and renal function (Loscalzo, 2005) further
states the high levels of cholesterol are linked to the development of
cardio-vascular disease.
·
Mild Hypertension: According to the Department
of Health (2008), mild hypertension is where there is no risk involve. It is
where the systolic (upper) in blood pressure reading is 90 – 99 mmHg.
·
Moderate Hypertension: Is where the
systolic (top) in blood pressure reading is 160 – 179 mmHg and diastolic in
blood pressure reading is 100 – 109 mmHg (Department of Health, 2008).
·
Severe Hypertension: It is where the
systolic (upper) in blood pressure reading is 180 mmHg or more and the
diastolic (lower) in blood pressure reading is 110 mmHg or more (Department of
Health, 2008).
·
Morbidity: According to the World Health
Organization (WHO) morbidity is the unhealthy state of an individual i.e. the
incidence of a disease across a population during a single year.
·
Mortality: It was compiled by WHO that
mortality is the incidence of death or number of death in a population (WHO).
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