PREVALENCE OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (HBP) AMONG LECTURERS OF RIVERS STATE COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT

Hypertension will be on a high increase among lecturers of Rivers State College of Health Science and Management Technology base on the result found if it is not controlled and manage. It was further identified on the result statistics that 36% of lectures out of 50 sample size were hypertensive and the major causes identified was excess work, and lack of rest. It is very alarming that some of who are diagnosed with hypertension never return for further follow up visit and are risk of debilitating complications which are preventable in later life.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page    -        -        -        -        -        -          i

Declaration -        -        -        -        -        -             ii

Certification -       -        -        -        -        -           iii

Dedication  -        -        -        -        -        -         -        iv

Acknowledgement -       -        -        -   -        -        -        v

Abstract      -        -        -        -        -             -        -        vi

Table of content   -        -        -       ==  -        -        -     vii-ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study-       -        -             -       1 - 2

1.2     Statement of Problem -  -        -        -        -        -       2

1.3     Aim and Objectives of the Study      -                 -       3

1.3.1  General Objectives         -        -        -             -        -       3

1.3.2  Specific Objectives         -        -        -        -       3

1.4     Significant and Justification of the Study   -             -       3 - 4

1.5     Scope and Delimitation -        -        -        -         4

1.6     1.6     Research Questions       -        -      -        -       4

1.7     Definition of Terms -    -          -        -             -       5 - 6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Conceptual Frame Work         -        -                -        -       7

2.1.1  High Blood Pressure      -        -        -    -        -       7 - 8

2.1.2  Blood Pressure     -        -        -        -          -     8

2.1.3  Ranges/Classification of Blood pressure -  -          -     9-10

2.1.4  Complication of High Blood Pressure        -      -        -     10-14

2.1.5  Types and Causes of High Blood Pressure -             -     14

2.1.6  Organs of the Body Affected Implicated in High Blood Pressure -    15-16

2.1.7  Types of Sphygmomanometer -        -        -     -     16-17

2.1.8  Diagram of sphygmomanometer       -          -        -     17

2.1.9  Early Signs and Symptoms of hypertension      -        -     17-18

2.1.10         People at Risk/Risk Factors of High Blood Pressure      18

2.1.10.1      Genetics      -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -     18

2.1.10.2      Gender        -        -        -       -        -        -     18-19

2.1.10.3      Race  -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -     19

2.1.11         Prime Causes of High Blood Pressure         -        -     19-21

2.1.11         Control and Management of High Blood Pressure        21

2.1.11.1      Weight Loss                   -       -        -        -     21-22

2.1.11.2      Exercise      -        -        -        -        -      -        -     22

2.1.11.3      Reduce Salt Intake                   -     -        -        -     22

2.1.11.4 Maintain dietary intake of potassium, calcium and magnesium  -  22-23

2.1.11.5      Cigarettes Smoking Strategies -         -        -     23

2.1.11.6      Minimize Alcohol Intake         -        -        -        -     23

2.1.11.7      Manage Stress      -        --       -        -        -     24

2.1.11.8      Lowing of Cholesterol   -        -    -        -     24-25

2.12   Drug Treatment for High Blood Pressure   -           -     25

2.2     Emperical studies -        -        -              -        -     25-26

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY     

3.1     Study Area -        -        -        -          -        -      27

3.2     Population of the Study -        -        -          -        -      27

3.3     Research Design   -        -        -        -     -        -      27

3.4     Samples Size and Sample Procedure -         -        -      28

3.5     Instrument for Data Collection         -        -        -        -      28

3.6     Validity of an Instrument                  -           -        -      28

3.7     Method of Data Collection      -        -         -        -      28

3.7.1  Precaution on High Blood Pressure  -        -        -      28

3.7.2  Procedure for Blood Pressure Checkup      -        -   -     29

3.7.3  Interpretation -     -        -        -        -        -        -   -     29

3.8     Analysis of the Data      -        -        -       -        -     29 

3.9     Data Presentation          -        -        -      -        -        -     29 

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION   

4.1     Introduction                   -        -        -               -        -     30

4.1.1  Research Results and Analysis         -     -        -        -     30-41

4.2     Discussion            -        -        -    -        -        -     42-43

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS     

5.1     Conclusion -        -        -       -        -        -     44

5.2.1    Recommendation -        -        -        -   -        -        -     44-45

REFERENCES   -        -              -        -        -        -     46-48

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the Study

High blood pressure is a non-communicable disease and a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. It counted for 7.5 million and 9.4 million deaths worldwide in 2004 and 2010 respectively (Khan & Beevers),.

According to (Kowalski, 2007) nearly 3.3 million South Africans with high blood pressure that is left uncontrolled, contributed to the progression of cardiovascular disease. A Manhattan stroke study in the United States of America, states that black people are twice more risk than white people. The high incident rates of stroke are similar to other black populations worldwide, including South Africa (Allen, 2009). In 2002 it was named “The number one Killer” by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the world health report. A cerebro-vascular accident is the onset of neurological dysfunction, resulting from disruption of blood supply to the brain (Allen, 2009). The small blood clots travel through the blood stream and eventually block other vessels or the brain causing a cerebro-vascular accident (Casey & Benson, 2006). There are certain risk factors that we have no control over such as genetics, age, gender and race, there are other risk factors we do have control over (Casey and Herbert, 2006). One is obesity defined as being more than 20 percent of the ideal body weight and identified by over eating (Casey and Benson, 2006). There could be many reasons for the increase in patients with hypertension, such as the migration of patients from neighboring countries, unhealthy lifestyle habits, non-compliance to medication and a lack of knowledge of hypertension (High Blood Pressure); such as increase, is still a factor not to be ignored. Therefore there is a need to fill the gap regarding the magnitude (prevalence) of HBP and to identify the factors associated with high blood pressure among lecturers of Rivers state College of Health Science and Management Technology.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Welman, Kruger and Micell (2005) echoed that in the process of scientifically investigating research problems, there must be discernment between different, successive stage called empirical cycle. Therefore it appears that, since the stress is one of the problems that can lead to high blood pressure and the lecturers of Rivers State College Of Health Science & Management Technology are passing through a lot of stress each day, in which some lecturers lectured more than three courses per day, they are at a risk of debilitating complications that leads to high blood pressure. And lack of knowledge can lead to further serious complications

1.3     Aim and Objectives of the Study

1.3.1  General Objectives

The main aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of high blood pressure among lecturers of Rivers State College of Health Science &  Management Technology.

1.3.2  Specific Objectives are:

·        To determine the body mass index among lecturers of Rivers State College Of Health Science &  Management Technology

·        To determine the knowledge the lecturers have of high blood pressure.

·        To promote more awareness of the cause and consequences of high blood pressure.

·        To determine the prevalence of high blood pressure among Rivers State College of Health Science & Management Technology lecturers.

1.4     Significant and Justification of the Study

The study will contribute to other existing literature and help other researcher to dwell into other area that this study could not touch.

The major significance of this study is the examination of the prevalence of high blood pressures among lecturers of Rivers State College of Health Science & Management Technology. This study will help to highlight possible causes or factors responsible for high blood pressure. The study will also assist parents, lecturers, students, and readers of the work to watch out for the various symptoms of high blood pressure.

The study will be useful to schools, home and the society. It will give useful information to anyone who may be interested in researching on the topic or something related.

1.5     Scope and Delimitation

The study will focus on the prevalence of high blood pressure among lecturers of Rivers State College of Health Science & Management Technology. The finding of this study will be limited to lecturers of five different schools in Rivers State College of Health Science & Management Technology.

1.6     Research Questions

·        What is the prevalence of high blood pressure?

·        How do you determine the body mass index?

·        What are symptoms of high blood pressure?

·        What are the causes and consequences of high blood pressure?

·        How can we manage/control high blood pressure?

1.7     Definitions of Operational Terms

·        Blood Pressure: Is the amount of force exerted by the blood on the inside of the arterial as the blood is pumped through the circulatory system (WHO, 2005).

·        Lifestyle: According to an article by (Adler, 2008) lifestyle is defined as a way people live typified by the behaviour that makes sense to both others and oneself in a given time and place. It includes social connection, activity and dress.

·        Cardiovascular Complications: The vascular effects of raised blood pressure promote atherotrombotic disease, with consequence for cardiac, cerebral and renal function (Loscalzo, 2005) further states the high levels of cholesterol are linked to the development of cardio-vascular disease.

·        Mild Hypertension: According to the Department of Health (2008), mild hypertension is where there is no risk involve. It is where the systolic (upper) in blood pressure reading is 90 – 99 mmHg.

·        Moderate Hypertension: Is where the systolic (top) in blood pressure reading is 160 – 179 mmHg and diastolic in blood pressure reading is 100 – 109 mmHg (Department of Health, 2008).

·        Severe Hypertension: It is where the systolic (upper) in blood pressure reading is 180 mmHg or more and the diastolic (lower) in blood pressure reading is 110 mmHg or more (Department of Health, 2008).

·        Morbidity: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) morbidity is the unhealthy state of an individual i.e. the incidence of a disease across a population during a single year.

·        Mortality: It was compiled by WHO that mortality is the incidence of death or number of death in a population (WHO). 

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