ABSTRACT
Chapter one contains the introduction,
background to the study, it also discussed statement of problem, purpose of
study, significance of study, limitation of study, scope of study, and
methodology.
In chapter two the researcher reviewed relevant
literatures citing various authors.
In chapter three the researcher
examined the history of Nigeria, Nigeria as a third world country.
In chapter four he enumerated. on the
meaning of imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, he also highlighted
dependency, technological development, industrialization, globalization,
population, human recourses, education etc.
In chapter five focused on the summary,
recommendation and conclusion of the study.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table
of Contents vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study 1
Statement
of Problem 4
Objectives
of the Study 5
Significance
of Study 5
Scope
of the Study 6
Limitations
of Study 6
Methodology 6
Definition 7
Endnotes
8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Definition of Development 9
What Is Under Development 11
Notes & References 15
CHAPTER
THREE: THE HISTORY OF NIGERIA
The Creation and Evolution of Nigeria
Nation 16
Nigeria as A Third
World (Underdeveloped Or Developing) Country 20
Notes and References 25
CHAPTER
FOUR: CHALLENGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Introduction 26
Imperialism/Colonialism/Neo-Colonialism
26
Dependency 30
Technological Development
/Industrialization 31
Globalization 33
Population 35
Human Resources 36
Education Research and Development 38
Research and Development 41
External Influence 42
The Role of Government 44
Notes and References 47
CHAPTER
5: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
Summary 50
Recommendation 51
Conclusion 56
Note and References 57
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The use of the ‘terms’ the first, the
second and the third World is rough and it is safe to say, outdated model of
geopolitical world from the time of the cold war. There is actually no official
definition of the first, second, and the third world.
After the world War II, the world split
into two large geopolitical blocs and spheres of influences with contrary views
on government and the politically correct society.
1. The bloc of democracy – industrial
countries within the American influence sphere, the “First World”
2. The Eastern bloc of the communist – socialist
states, the ‘Second World’
3. The remaining three – quarters of the
world population, states not aligned with either bloc were regarded as the
‘Third World’
4. The term ‘Fourth World’, coined in the
early 1970s by Shuswap Chief George Manuel to widely unknown nations (Cultural
Entities) of indigenous peoples. “First Nations” living within or across
national state boundaries.
The term “Third World” refers to all
the other countries, today often used to roughly describe the developing
countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The term ‘Third World’ includes as
well as capitalist (e.g Venezuela) and communist (e.g Korea) countries, as very
rich (e.g Saudi Arabia and very poor (e.g Mali) countries.
The origin of the terminology is
unclear. In 1952, Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer, wrote an article in the
French magazine L’Observateur which ended by comparing the Third World with the
Third Estate: Ce Tiers Monde ignoré
exploité, méprisé
Commele Tiers État (this
ignored Third World, exploited, scorned like the Third Estate). Other sources
claim that Charles de Gaulle coined the term ‘Third World’, maybe de Gaulle
only quoted Sauvy.
It is also termed a collective term of
French origin taken up by American writers, for those states who did not regard
themselves as members of either the developed capitalist or developed
communist. In fact, ‘First World’ came up in connection with Bandung Conference
and other attempts (especially by Nehru, Surkano and Nasser) to bring together
the internationally aligned countries sharing the same characteristics. They
are thus classified by their state of economic development as 'underdeveloped’,
less developed' or 'developing states'.
Despite everevolving definitions, the
concept of the third world serves to identify countries that 'suffer from high
infant mortality, low economic development, high levels of poverty, low
utilization of natural resources, and heavy dependence on industrialized
nations. These are the developing and technologically less advanced nations of
Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America. Third world nations tend to have
economies dependent on the developed countries and are generally characterized
as poor with unstable governments and having high rates of population growth,
illiteracy, and disease. A key factor is the lack of a middle class with
impoverished millions in a vast lower economic class and a very small elite
upper class controlling the country's wealth and resources. Most third world
nations also have a very large foreign debt. (What makes a nation third world?
from Encyclopedia of World Geography)
There are 50 countries listed in the
United Nations comparative analysis of poverty, 34 Africa countries, 10 Asian
countries, 5 Pacific Island nations and 1 Caribbean nations. Therefore the
Third World countries are the least developed countries. (LDCs) are a group of
countries that have been identified by the UN as “least developed”
It is interesting to note that United
Nations used the following three criteria for the identification of the LDCs
just as have being stated earlier above.
1. A low income estimate of the gross
national income (GNI) per capita.
2. Their weak human assets
3. Their high degree of economic
vulnerability
4. Life Expectancy Index (LEI):
i.
Life expectancy
at birth (in years);
ii.
Education
Index (EI) mean years of Schooling (in years) and
iii.
Income Index (II) per capita income and
5. Low human development
Many of these countries share a
colonial past and strong resentment against imperialism. Hence the so called ‘third
world’ is no more than the backyard of imperialism.
As a concept, it groups together the
under-developed countries exploited by imperialism, under a special heading
implying at least that they comprise a special area within the imperialist
camp.
Furthermore, they are poor and largely
over-populated with population explosion and are growing poorer by comparison
with the industrialized nations in foreign policy, following the Indian example
as many to them favoured to be neutral (non - aligned). It should be of note
that they form one-third of the United nations membership. Also, it should be
noted that, more recently, some writers have begun to distinguish between the third
world, which they confine to those developing countries with rich natural
resources such as the oil producing states of the Middle East and the fourth
world which are counted as underdeveloped countries which have no such
resources and little, if any, prospect of development. All in all, third world
evokes the feeling in one to acknowledge that their emancipation is a
necessity.
Walter Rodney ascribes that
"development in human society is a many sided process". At the level
of the individual, it implies increased skill and 'capacity, greater freedom,
creativity, self discipline, responsibility and material well being.
Development is often synonymous with modernization. It has been define as a
widely participatory process of social and material advancement (including
greater equality, freedom and other values) for the majority of the people
through gaining greater control of their environment. Berger sees development
as good growth; and desirable modernization because, according to him, the values
that need to be injected into the definition are those that aim at minimizing
human costs.
Development is the desirable discourse
to be taken by human being in a particular situation. It aims at the
satisfaction of man's economic and socio-cultural needs in the most effective
and rational way. These include economic development, human development,
physical quality of life, human freedom, gender-related development and gender
empowerment.
Challenges of development that have
characterized the ‘third world' countries should not be over stressed. These
include imperialism (exploitation-suppressive development plan by the
exploiting developed capitalist nations), neo - colonialism, dependency,
industrialization, human resources, poverty and pollution, increased burden of
government and governance, lack of freedom, alienation, disease, research and
development, education,. intra expert group conflict. Technological
Organization - IMF, World Bank to mention but a few.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The expression ‘Third World’ which one
often comes across in development literature as well as in public discourse,
came into use in 1956 to imply that the countries covered by it depend either
on the capitalist or the socialist system and therefore that they belong to
neither the former two worlds; the developed capitalist or the developed
communist.
The third world includes most countries
of Latin America and recently independent states of Asia with exclusion of
Mainland China and Taiwan and Africa except South Africa. There is also OECD
enumerated which includes Turkey and poor countries of Southern Europe. The
following questions will guide the study;
i.
What
constitutes the Third World Countries?
ii.
What
is under development and development?
iii.
What
challenges are third world countries going through in terms of under
development
iv.
How
does this affect Nigeria as a Third World country?
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The objective or purpose of this study
is to;
i.
Highlight
which countries make up the ‘third world’ or under developed countries
ii. Give an insight into what development
is and developed countries.
iii. Discuss the challenges of development
in third world countries.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The ultimate goals and target of the
study are therefore directed to enable countries, students and stake-holders,
and the world at large to:
i.
Have a
clear understanding of the characteristics of third world countries of
underdeveloped Countries
ii. Have a better understanding of the
reason why the countries are not developed
iii. Understand those challenges that have
impeded development and how they can affect Nigeria as a third world country
despite her richness in petroleum recourses.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The study is limited to third world
countries and the challenges of development. Nigeria is used as a case study
because of the fact that she is a third world country and one of largest.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The problem of shortage of time in
carrying out the research. So, it becomes very difficult for the researcher to
research in a wider scope. Therefore, the information contained therein, is
limited, to the space of time allowed.
With the present bad economy and
financial problem in Nigeria today, funds is not enough for the research work
in all the various areas mentioned.
Finally, there also shortage of
research centre and workshops and materials. So the research will be based on
the much information available within reach.
1.7
METHODOLOGY
Relevant methodology suitable for the
study were employed. For example, primary and secondary materials were used.
Other relevant methods- will be applied to gather necessary materials for the
completion of the work.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Human
Development Index (HDI):
A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of
human development-a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of
living.
Life
Expectancy at Birth: Number
of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of
age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the
infant's life.
Mean
Years of Schooling:
Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older,
converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each
level.
Expected
Years of Schooling:
Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to
receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist
throughout the child's life.
Gross
National Income (GNI) per capita:
Aggregate income of an economy generated by its production and its ownership of
factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of factors of production
owned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rates, divided by midyear population.
GNI
per capita Rank minus HDI rank:
Difference in rankings by GNI per capita and by the HDI. A negative value means
that the country is better ranked by GNI than by the HDI.
Non
income HDI: Value
of the HDI computed from the life expectancy and education indicators only.
LDC: Least Developed Countries
LHD: Low Human Development
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Login To Comment