ABSTRACT
Bombax buonoponenzes (P.Beauv) is a medicinal plant used in treating migraine headache and it is used also to increase lactation in nursing mothers as well as other uses. The present study was aimed at investigating the nephroprotective activity of methanol leave extract of Bombax buonopozens in wistar albino rats. The Biochemical parameters evaluated includes urea and creatinine. From the result, it was revealed that prolong use of methanol extract of Bombax buonopozense leaves extract causes significant decreases (p<0.05) in creatinine and urea level suggested Bombax buonoponenzes plays a vital role in detoxification and nephro-protection
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE i
CERTIFICATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
TABLE
OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF
TABLES vi
LIST OF
FIGURES vii
ABSTRACT
viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Aim of the Study 4
1.2 Objective of the Study 4
1.3 Justification of the Study
4
1.4 Scope of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Literature Review 6
2.2 Origin 10
2.3
Botanical Description Of Bombax Buonoponenzes (P.Beauv) 10
2.4 Uses 10
CHAPTER THREE
Materials
And Method
3.1 Plant Sample 13
3.2 Preparation Of The Extract 13
3.3 Experimental Animals 14
3.4 Experimental Design 14
3.5 Biochemical Estimation 15
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result 16
4.1 Nephroprotective Effect of Methanol Leaf
extract o Bombax buonopoenses
(P-Beauv) on Serum Creatinine level of
Paracetamol induced Wister Rats
22
CHAPTER
FIVE
Conclusion And Recommendation
5.3 Recommendation 18
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Showing
table result of urea creatinine levels 16
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig.
1: Graph showing the level of urea creatinine levels 18
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Acetaminophen
, popularly known as paracetamol is a most common and widely used as analgesic
and antipyretic drug that is safe at therapeutic dosage for a wide range of
treatments( Yapar et al., 2007).
Acute overdose
of acetaminophen is known to cause hepatic and renal damage in both human and
experimental animals ( Ghosh and Sil, 2007). Nephrotoxicity is less common
compared to hepatotoxicity in acetaminophen overdose, but renal failure can
occur even in absence of liver injury
and can even lead to death in humans and experimental animals (Cekmen et al,
2009; Palani et al., 2009).
Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule that
is generated from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is produced from creatinine, a
molecule of major importance for energy production in the muscles.
Aproximately
2% of the body’s creatine is converted to creatinine everyday. Creatinine is
usually transported through the blood stream to the kidneys. The kidneys
filters out most of the creatinine and dispose of it in the urine. Because of
the muscle mass in the body is relatively constant from day to day. The
creatinine production normally remains essentially unchanged on a daily
basis.(Kalia and Flora,2005).
The kidneys
maintains the blood creatinine in a normal range. Creatinine has been found to
be a fairly reliable indicator of kidney function. Elevated creatinine level
signifies impaired kidney function or kidney disease. As the kidneys become
impaired for any reason,the creatinine level in the blood will rise due to poor
clearance of creatinine by the kidneys. High levels of creatinine warns of
possible malfunction or failure of the kidneys. It is for this reason that
standard blood tests are to be carried out to routinely check the amount of
creatinine in the blood.
A more precise
measure of the kidney function can be estimated by calculating how much
creatinine is cleared from the body by the kidneys. This is referred to as
creatinine clearance and it estimates the rate of filtration by
kidneys(glomerular filtration rate or GFR). The creatinine clearance can be
measured in two ways. It can be calculated(estimated)by a formular using
serum(blood) creatinine, patient’s weight, and age. The formular 140 minus the
patient’s age in a year times their weight in kilograms(times 0.85 for
women)divided by 72times the serum creatinine level in mg/dl.
Creatinine
clearance can also be more directly measure by collecting a 24 hours urine
sample and then drawing a blood sample. Creatinine levels in both urine and
blood are determined and compared. Normal creatinine clearance for healthy
women is 88-128ml/min and 97-137ml/min in males (Normal levels may vary
slightly between labs).Blood Urea nitrogen(BUN)level is another indicator of
kidney function. Urea is also a metabolic byproduct which can build up if
kidney function is impaired. The BUN- to-creatinine ratio generally provides
more precise information about kidney function and its possible underlying
cause compared with creatinine level alone.BUN also increase with dehydration.
Recently,
elevated creatinine level in infants were associated with bacteremia while
elevated in adult male have linked to increased risk of prostrate cancer.
Normal level of creatinine in the blood are approximately 0.6 to1.2 milligram
(mg) per deciliter(dL) in adult males and 0.5 to 1.1 milligrams per deciliter
in adult females (In the metric system,a milligram is a unit of weight equal to
one-thousandth of a gram,and a deciliter is a unit of volume equal to one-tenth
of a liter).
Bombax ceiba
grows to an average of 20meters with old trees up to 60meters in wet tropical
regions. The trunk and limb bear numerous conical spines particularly when
young but get eroded when older. The leaves are palmate with an average of
about 7-10 centimeters wide, 13-15 centimeter in length. The leaf’s long
flexible petiole is up to 20cm long cup shaped flowers solitary or
clustered,auxillary or sub-terminal,fascicles at or near the ends of the branches.
When the tree is bare of leaves,an average of 7-11 centimeters wide,14
centimeters in width,petels up to 12 centimeter in length. Calyx is cup-shaped
usually 3 lobed,an average of 3-5 centimeter in diameter. Staminal tube is,more
than 60 in 5 bundles. Stigma is light red,up to nine centimeter in length.Ovary
is pink,1.5-2 centimeters in length,with the skin of covered in white silky
hair at 1mm long. Seeds are numerous long,ovoid,black or gray in colour and
packed in white cotton. The fruit which reaches an average of 13 centimeters in
length is light-green in colour in immature fruits,broom in mature
fruits.spikes on stem can be grown and applied to the face for treatment
against acne.
1.1 AIM THE STUDY
The aim of the
study is to investigate or determine the Methanol extract of Bombax bounoponezes on biochemical
variables in Albino wister rats.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
OF THE STUDY
·
To evaluate the nephroprotective ability of bombax buonopenzense
·
To evaluate the protective effect of Bombax buonopozense (Malvaceae), methanol extract against
paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity in rats
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
The use of
plants for healing purposes predates human history and forms of origin of much
modern medicine. The interest in the scientific investigation of medicinal
plants is based on the claims to their effective use for the treatment of many
diseases. Research into the effects of these local medicinal plant is expected
to enhance the use of Bombax
bounoponenzes against diseases of the kidney. This is because of the
general belief that herbal drugs are without side effect besides being cheap
and locally available.
Scope of the study
This work
covers the assessment of biochemical changes associated with prolong use of
methanol extract of Bombax buonopenzens
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