HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF METHANOL LEAVES EXTRACT OF BOMBAX BUONOPONOZENSE P. BEAUV ON PARACETAMOL INDUCED LIVER DISORDER IN ALBINO RATS

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ABSTRACT

Bombax buonopozense (P) Beauv is one of the family Malvaceae formerly known as Bombacaceae. The plant is commonly known as Gold Coast Bomax or red flowered silk cotton tree. Hepatoprotective activity of methanol leaves extract of B. buonopozense was investigatesd against hepatotoxicity produced by administering paracetamol on rats to induce liver damage. The animals were grouped into 7, each having two rats. Group 1-5 animals received 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 mg|kg body weight respectively. Group 6 received 0.2 ml of paracetamol while Group 7 received 0.5 ml normal saline. These concentrations were administered for 7 days. At the 8th day, the animals were sacrificed and the blood serum were collected and used to analyse the biochemical parameters such as Total bilirubin, Conjugated, Aspartate aminotransferease, Alanine amino transferase and Alkaline phosphatase. The data generated was subjected to one way ANOVA at( p<0.05) level of significance. The result obtained on the Total Bilirubin and Conjugated Bilirubin showed that Group 1 and 2 significantly reduced the bilirubin level when compared to the positive control group (Group 6). The result obtained on Alanine amino transferase level showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) between Group 1− 5 when compared with Group 6. 1000 and 500 mg|kg body weight recorded more reduced ALT level (9.40 and 11.60) respectively. Also the results obtained on AST and ALP also showed that there was significant difference between Group 1− 5 when compared to the paracetamol induced in group 6. The result obtained in this study has revealed the hepatoprotective potency of methanol leaf extract of B. buonopozense. Also, 1000 mg|kg body reduced all the elevated increases of the biochemical parameters studied. More studies should be conducted to highlight more medicinal properties of this plant.






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                           ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

List of Figures                                                                                                                         vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  viii


CHAPTER ONE

1.1       INTRODUCTION                                                                                                    1

1.2       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:                                                                                 2

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY                                                                               3

1.4       JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY                                                                          3


CHAPTER TWO

2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                        5

2.1       BOTANY OF THE PLANT                                                                                       5

2.2       PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BOMBAX BUONOPOZENSE                 6

2.3       HEPATIC DYSFUNCTION                                                                                      7

2.4       CLINICAL SIGNS OF LIVER DISORDER:                                                            8

2.4.1    Jaundice                                                                                                                      8

2.4.2    Haemolytic jaundice                                                                                                   8

2.4.3    Hepatocellular jaundice                                                                                              9

2.4.4    Cholestatic jaundice                                                                                                   9

2.4.5    Nervous signs (hepatic encephalopathy)                                                                    9

2.4.6    Edema and emaciation:                                                                                              10

2.4.7    Diarrhea and constipation                                                                                          10

2.4.8    Congestive hepatopathy                                                                                             10

2.5       PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT IN DISEASES OF THE LIVER                                    10

 

2.6       PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF LIVER AND BILIARY

TRACT DISEASES                                                                                                   11

2.7       HEPATOPROTECTIVE PLANTS                                                                            11


CHAPTER THREE

3.0       MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                             18

3.1       COLLECTION OF RESEARCH MATERIAL                                                         18

3.2       PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT                                                                 18

3.3       EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS                                                                                   19

3.4       ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES (LETHAL DOSE 50 LD50)                                    19

3.5       EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN                                                                                      19

3.6       BIOCHEMICAL ESTIMATION                                                                               20


CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULTS                                                                                                                  21

4.1       EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BOMBAX BUONOPOZENSE

ON LIVER FUNCTION TEST ON PARACETAMOL INDUCED RATS              21


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS                             25

5.1       DISCUSSION                                                                                                             25

5.2       CONCLUSION                                                                                                           26

5.3       RECOMMENDATION                                                                                              27

References

 







 

LIST OF FIGURES

 

Figure 3.1:       Bombax buonoponzense Plant                                                                                    18

Figure 4.1:       Effect of methanolic extract of B. buonopozense on Total Bilirubin (TB) 22

Figure 4.2:       Effect of methanolic extract of B. buonopozense on Conjugated                  22

Bilirubin (CB)

Figure 4.3:       Effect of methanolic extract of B. buonopozense on Alamine amino           23

transferase (ALT)

Figure 4.4:       Effect of methanolic extract of B. buonopozense on Aspartate amino transferase  (AST)                                                                                       23

Figure 4.5:       Effect of methanolic extract of B. buonopozense on Alkaline                      24

phosphatase (ALP)

Figure 4.6:       Effect of methanolic extract of B. buonopozense on TB, CB, ALT,                    24

AST and ALP paracetamol induced liver function                           

 


 


 


 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants are defined as any plant which contain substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes in one or more of its organ or substances which are precursors for synthesis of drugs (Sofowora, 1982). Furthermore, Elujoba (1997) noted that a plant becomes a medicinal only when its biological activity has been ethnobotanically reported or scientifically established. Plants are a great source f medicine, especially in traditional medicine which are useful in the treatment of various diseases ( Bako et al., 2005). According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2001), 80% of the world population use medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases and in African countries, this rate is much higher. It has been established that up to 90% of the population in developing countries rely on the use of medicinal plants to help meet their primary health care needs (WHO, 2012). The use of traditional medicine is not restricted to the developing countries (Jimoh, 2006). FAO (2006),reported that at least 25% of the drugs used in modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants, while many others are d synthetic analogues built on prototype compounds isolated from plants.

The therapeutic value of plants used in tradomedicine derived from the presence of phytochemicals principles (Ayodele, 2003), which are found in parts of the plants. Medicinal plants contain biologically active chemical substances such as saponins, tannins, essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids and other chemical compounds which have curative properties (Sofowora, 1993). These complex chemical substances of different compositions are found as secondary plant metabolites in these plants.

The liver as a vital organ in the body is primarily responsible for the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous agents. It plays an important role in drug elimination and detoxification and liver damage may be caused by xenobiotives, alcohol consumption, malnutrition, infection, anaemia and medications (Mrouch et al., 2004). Hepatotoxicity is defined as injury to the liver that is associated with impaired liver function caused by exposure to a drug or other noninfectious agents (Navarro and Senior, 2006). Hepatotoxic agents can react with the basic cellular components and consequently induce almost all types of liver lesions (Akram et al., 2012).

Toxins and drugs are among the basic etiopathogenetic agents of acute liver failure in Western Countries (Grattaghliano et al., 2009). Nevertheless, chemical toxins  (including  Acetaminophen, Carbon tetrachloride, Galactosamine and Thioacetamide) are ften used as the model substances causing experimental hepatocytic injury in both invivo and invtro conditions (Domenicali et al., 2009: Kucera et al.,2006: Leda Culumbano et al., 1991: Rusai et al., 2009).

Despite the fact that hepatic problems are responsible for a significant number of liver transplantation and death recoded worldwide, available pharmacotherapeutic options  for liver diseases are very limited and there is a great demand for the development of new effective drugs ( Akram et al., 2012). Hence, there is need for more studies on the hepatoprotective activities of plants.


1.1       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:

The following forms the statement of problem of study of this research work;

1.         A major setback in the commercial utilization of African herbs is the lack of adequate and consistent data. Most of the published data collected on the nutritional, phytochemicals and microbial inhibitory content of Bombax costatum leaves, are at variant from each other.

2.          Also, lack of information on the properties of the leaves has led to no processed products from the leaves.

3.         Efforts made so far to optimize the economic and to a lesser extent the nutritional value of the leaves have emphasized its microbial and phytochemical content have largely ignored how other components, especially the herb properties could also be utilized to supplement the medicinal needs of the consumer.

4.         Most studies aimed at fortifying limited knowledge towards the leaves application medicinally have been discouraged due to its inherent microbial content


1.2       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of methanolic leaf extract of B. buonoponense on the hepatoprotective activity of paracetamol induced liver disorder in albino rats.


1.3       JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Bombax buonopenzense is a large, deciduous tree commonly known as Silk Cotton Tree. The plant has both economic and medicinal value. It yields gum and cotton. It is a large and long-living tree species which gives strength to the body, mind, and heart (Varier et al., 1997). The plant is popular among the tribal communities for the treatment of various diseases. Almost every part of the plant, the seeds, flowers, roots, and barks of Bombax buonoponzense have a long history of medicinal uses. The paste of flowers and leaves are applied externally to relieve swellings, boils, and various skin conditions. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains boiled the flowers throughout the night, and gave them with mustard seeds orally as treatment of enlarged spleen (Parrot, 2001). The decoction of the semal flowers is used as home remedy for the treatment of jaundice. The flowers, leaves, and stem of Bombax buonoponzense have been evaluated for various pharmacological actions. The various extract of Bombax buonoponzense have shown analgesic, oxytocic (Gupta, 2004) hypotensive, hypoglycemic, (Saleem, et al., 1999) antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiangiogenic activities.


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