ABSTRACT
Bombax buonopozense (P) Beauv is one of the family Malvaceae formerly known as Bombacaceae. The plant is commonly known as Gold Coast Bomax or red flowered silk cotton tree. Hepatoprotective activity of methanol leaves extract of B. buonopozense was investigatesd against hepatotoxicity produced by administering paracetamol on rats to induce liver damage. The animals were grouped into 7, each having two rats. Group 1-5 animals received 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 mg|kg body weight respectively. Group 6 received 0.2 ml of paracetamol while Group 7 received 0.5 ml normal saline. These concentrations were administered for 7 days. At the 8th day, the animals were sacrificed and the blood serum were collected and used to analyse the biochemical parameters such as Total bilirubin, Conjugated, Aspartate aminotransferease, Alanine amino transferase and Alkaline phosphatase. The data generated was subjected to one way ANOVA at( p<0.05) level of significance. The result obtained on the Total Bilirubin and Conjugated Bilirubin showed that Group 1 and 2 significantly reduced the bilirubin level when compared to the positive control group (Group 6). The result obtained on Alanine amino transferase level showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) between Group 1− 5 when compared with Group 6. 1000 and 500 mg|kg body weight recorded more reduced ALT level (9.40 and 11.60) respectively. Also the results obtained on AST and ALP also showed that there was significant difference between Group 1− 5 when compared to the paracetamol induced in group 6. The result obtained in this study has revealed the hepatoprotective potency of methanol leaf extract of B. buonopozense. Also, 1000 mg|kg body reduced all the elevated increases of the biochemical parameters studied. More studies should be conducted to highlight more medicinal properties of this plant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Figures vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY 3
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW 5
2.1 BOTANY
OF THE PLANT 5
2.2 PHYTOCHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF BOMBAX BUONOPOZENSE 6
2.3 HEPATIC DYSFUNCTION 7
2.4 CLINICAL SIGNS OF LIVER
DISORDER: 8
2.4.1 Jaundice 8
2.4.2 Haemolytic
jaundice 8
2.4.3 Hepatocellular
jaundice 9
2.4.4 Cholestatic
jaundice 9
2.4.5 Nervous
signs (hepatic encephalopathy) 9
2.4.6 Edema
and emaciation: 10
2.4.7 Diarrhea
and constipation 10
2.4.8 Congestive
hepatopathy 10
2.5 PRINCIPLES
OF TREATMENT IN DISEASES OF THE LIVER 10
2.6 PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF LIVER AND
BILIARY
TRACT DISEASES 11
2.7 HEPATOPROTECTIVE
PLANTS 11
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 MATERIALS
AND METHODS 18
3.1 COLLECTION OF RESEARCH MATERIAL 18
3.2 PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT 18
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS 19
3.4 ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES (LETHAL DOSE 50
LD50) 19
3.5 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 19
3.6 BIOCHEMICAL ESTIMATION 20
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
21
4.1 EFFECT
OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BOMBAX
BUONOPOZENSE
ON
LIVER FUNCTION TEST ON PARACETAMOL INDUCED RATS 21
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 25
5.1 DISCUSSION 25
5.2 CONCLUSION 26
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 27
References
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Bombax
buonoponzense Plant 18
Figure
4.1: Effect of methanolic extract of
B. buonopozense on Total Bilirubin
(TB) 22
Figure
4.2: Effect of methanolic extract of
B. buonopozense on Conjugated 22
Bilirubin (CB)
Figure 4.3: Effect of methanolic extract of B. buonopozense on Alamine amino 23
transferase
(ALT)
Figure
4.4: Effect of methanolic extract of
B. buonopozense on Aspartate amino
transferase (AST) 23
Figure 4.5: Effect of methanolic extract of B. buonopozense on Alkaline 24
phosphatase
(ALP)
Figure
4.6: Effect of methanolic extract of
B. buonopozense on TB, CB, ALT, 24
AST
and ALP paracetamol induced liver function
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are defined as any plant which
contain substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes in one or more of
its organ or substances which are precursors for synthesis of drugs (Sofowora,
1982). Furthermore, Elujoba (1997) noted that a plant becomes a medicinal only
when its biological activity has been ethnobotanically reported or
scientifically established. Plants are a great source f medicine, especially in
traditional medicine which are useful in the treatment of various diseases (
Bako et al., 2005). According to
World Health Organization (WHO, 2001), 80% of the world population use
medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases and in African countries, this
rate is much higher. It has been established that up to 90% of the population
in developing countries rely on the use of medicinal plants to help meet their
primary health care needs (WHO, 2012). The use of traditional medicine is not
restricted to the developing countries (Jimoh, 2006). FAO (2006),reported that
at least 25% of the drugs used in modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants,
while many others are d synthetic analogues built on prototype compounds isolated
from plants.
The therapeutic value of plants used in
tradomedicine derived from the presence of phytochemicals principles (Ayodele,
2003), which are found in parts of the plants. Medicinal plants contain
biologically active chemical substances such as saponins, tannins, essential
oils, flavonoids, alkaloids and other chemical compounds which have curative
properties (Sofowora, 1993). These complex chemical substances of different
compositions are found as secondary plant metabolites in these plants.
The liver as a vital organ in the body is primarily
responsible for the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous agents. It plays an
important role in drug elimination and detoxification and liver damage may be
caused by xenobiotives, alcohol consumption, malnutrition, infection, anaemia
and medications (Mrouch et al.,
2004). Hepatotoxicity is defined as injury to the liver that is associated with
impaired liver function caused by exposure to a drug or other noninfectious
agents (Navarro and Senior, 2006). Hepatotoxic agents can react with the basic
cellular components and consequently induce almost all types of liver lesions
(Akram et al., 2012).
Toxins and drugs are among the basic
etiopathogenetic agents of acute liver failure in Western Countries
(Grattaghliano et al., 2009).
Nevertheless, chemical toxins
(including Acetaminophen, Carbon
tetrachloride, Galactosamine and Thioacetamide) are ften used as the model
substances causing experimental hepatocytic injury in both invivo and invtro
conditions (Domenicali et al., 2009:
Kucera et al.,2006: Leda Culumbano et al., 1991: Rusai et al., 2009).
Despite the fact that hepatic problems are
responsible for a significant number of liver transplantation and death recoded
worldwide, available pharmacotherapeutic options for liver diseases are very limited and there
is a great demand for the development of new effective drugs ( Akram et al., 2012). Hence, there is need for
more studies on the hepatoprotective activities of plants.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
The
following forms the statement of problem of study of this research work;
1.
A major setback in the
commercial utilization of African herbs is the lack of adequate and consistent
data. Most of the published data collected on the nutritional, phytochemicals
and microbial inhibitory content of Bombax costatum leaves, are at variant from
each other.
2.
Also, lack of information on the properties of
the leaves has led to no processed products from the leaves.
3.
Efforts made so far to optimize
the economic and to a lesser extent the nutritional value of the leaves have
emphasized its microbial and phytochemical content have largely ignored how
other components, especially the herb properties could also be utilized to
supplement the medicinal needs of the consumer.
4.
Most studies aimed at
fortifying limited knowledge towards the leaves application medicinally have
been discouraged due to its inherent microbial content
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study is to investigate the
effect of methanolic leaf extract of B.
buonoponense on the hepatoprotective
activity of paracetamol induced liver disorder in albino rats.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Bombax
buonopenzense
is a large, deciduous tree commonly known as Silk Cotton Tree. The plant has
both economic and medicinal value. It yields gum and cotton. It is a large and
long-living tree species which gives strength to the body, mind, and heart
(Varier et al., 1997). The
plant is popular among the tribal communities for the treatment of various
diseases. Almost every part of the plant, the seeds, flowers, roots, and barks
of Bombax buonoponzense have a long history of medicinal uses. The paste
of flowers and leaves are applied externally to relieve swellings, boils, and
various skin conditions. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains boiled
the flowers throughout the night, and gave them with mustard seeds orally as
treatment of enlarged spleen (Parrot,
2001). The decoction of the semal flowers is used as home
remedy for the treatment of jaundice. The flowers, leaves, and stem of Bombax
buonoponzense have been evaluated for various pharmacological actions. The
various extract of Bombax buonoponzense have shown analgesic, oxytocic (Gupta,
2004) hypotensive, hypoglycemic, (Saleem,
et al., 1999) antimicrobial, antioxidant,
antiangiogenic activities.
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