ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA FROM NECKLACE WORN BY MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY

ABSTRACT

A total of 50 necklace were swabbed for bacteria contamination. Samples collected were cultured and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. In the course of the study the following bacteria were isolated Staphylococcus aureus (28%), Streptococcusspp (12%), Klebsiella pneumonia (4%), E. coli (4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%),  andStaphylococcus aureus (28%) was the most frequently isolated organism . Sensitivity test was carried out and most of the isolates were sensitive to Peflacine, Tarivid, Ceftriaxone and resistant to Ceporex, Septrin and Ampicillin. The spread of the microorganism and prevention of infection from necklace can be minimized by proper bathing and showering with soap and antiseptics, and also by regular cleaning of necklace with antimicrobial agents suitable for it.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Dedication ii

Certification iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables vi

Abstract vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Aims

1.2    Objectives 3

1.3  Statement of Problems 3

1.4 The Significance of Study 3

1.5 Scope of Study 3

1.6 Limitations 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 General Incidence of Pathogenic Organism in Necklace Sample 5

2.2 Bacterial Contaminants Associated with Necklace 6

2.2.1 Staphylococcus aureus 6

2.2.2 Streptococcus pyogenes 7

2.2.3 Enterobacteria 8

2.2.4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12

2.3 The Effectiveness of Proper Bathing and Washing in

             Reducing the Risk of Infection 12

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Methods 15

3.1 Study Area 15

3.2 Collection of Samples 15

3.3 Preparation of Culture Media 16

3.4 Bacterial Inoculation and Isolation 16

3.5 Characterization and Identification of Organisms 16

3.6 Gram Staining 16

3.7 Biochemical Testing 17

3.7.1 Catalase test 17

3.7.2 Coagulase test 17

3.7.3 Citrate test 17

3.7.4 Motility, Indole, Urease test 18

3.7.5 Triple sugar ion test 19

3.7.6 Oxidase test 19

3.8 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results 20

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion 28

5.1 Conclusion 29

5.2 Recommendation 30

REFERENCES

LISTS OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1  Morphological Identification of Isolates 21

2  Biochemical identification 22

3 Distribution of isolates from various necklace 23

4  Incidence of bacterial carriage on Necklace 24

5  Degree of bacterial contamination of Necklace Samples 25

6 Antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial isolates from various necklaces 26

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Necklace is a form of personal adornment, it may be made from any material, usually gemstones, precious metals, beads or shells. Factors affecting the choice of material include cultural differences and the availability of the materials. Necklace may be appreciated because of its material properties, its pattern or for meaningful symbols. (Greenbaum and Tom, 2004)

Metals mostly used for necklaces are indestructible and permanent in air and water under all conditions of temperature, but some of these metals are found to rust after some times of use.

The first pieces of necklaces were made from natural materials such as bone, animal teeth, shell, wood and carved stone. Some necklaces throughout the ages may have specifically been as indication of a social group. More exotic necklace is often for wealthier people, with its rarity increasing its value. Due to its personal nature and its indication of social class, some cultures established traditions of burying the dead with their necklace. (Ifesanet al, 2004)

Necklace is sometimes regarded as a way of showing wealth and might also poses some minimal functionality, such as holding a garment together or keeping hair in place. (Yildirimet al, 2008). While traditional necklace is usually made with gemstones and precious metals such as silver or gold, there is also a growing demand for necklace where design and creativity is prized above material value. In addition, there is the less costly costume jewelry, made from lower value materials and often mass produced. Other variations include wire sculpture(wrap) necklace, using anything from base metal work with rock tumbled stone to precious metals and precious gemstones. (Greenbaum and Tom, 2004). Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in necklace. Bronze for example, was common in roman tomes. Modern fine necklace usually includes gold, white gold, platinum, titanium, or silver. Most American and European gold necklace is made of an alloy of gold; the purity of which is stated in Karats, indicated by a number followed by the letter K. the silver used in necklace is usually sterling silver, or 92.5% fine silver. In costume necklace, stainless steel findings are sometimes used. (Ifesanet al, 2004)

Necklace makes intimate contact with the skin or clothing of the person wearing it as a result they easily get colonized by bacteria on the skin or clothes of the wearers thus serving as formites. These colonizing organisms can get established on necklaces using glycocalyx and later develop into a biofilm or microbial mat on around the necklace causing skin diseases and can penetrate the blood system creating life-threatening diseases particularly in immune-suppressed flora of the human skin includes those microbes that are harmless and for the most part they do not cause disease and are even beneficial, most are commensals and therefore benefit from the association individual. (Cogenet al, 2008).

Normal with the host but the host is not affected (Michael et al, 1986). As long as the skin is physically and functionally intact, the tough, flexible and inert covering is remarkably resistant to infections. The normal skin flora found on most sites in adult is limited to Staphylococci. (Smith et al, 1959). When sweat is released on the skin, part of it is absorbed by the necklace will encourage accumulation of sweat and growth of microorganisms some of which may be normal flora of the skin. (Atlas, 1989). It has been reported that Bacillus spmay be resident on the skin of adults where washing facilities are reduced (Christie, 1958), thus presence of Bacillus could be attributed to the uncleanlinessof the individual wearing the necklace (Thomas and Michael, 1991).

This study therefore aims at isolating bacteria associated with human necklaces with a view to determining whether the organisms isolated are pathogenic or of normal skin flora.

1.1 AIMS

· To evaluate the bacteria contamination of human necklaces.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

· To isolate and identify bacteria associated with necklaces.

· To determine the prevalence of each isolate.

· To determine the antibiogram.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Necklace may be a source of contamination and pose a risk of injury to the person wearing it.

Most microbes from necklace are commensals and therefore benefit from the association with the host but the host is not affected except if the skin is not physically and functionally intact.

1.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Standard clean sanitary condition is employed to avoid contaminating necklace or getting infected with microbes from necklace.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of the study is to isolate and identify bacteria associated with necklace, noting their distribution pattern, incidence of bacteria carriage, degree of contaminhation, and antibiotics sensitivity.

1.6 LIMITATIONS

There was no antisera to determine the specific pathogenic isolates.

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