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INFLUENCE OF INSECURITY ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND PATRONAGE IN PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE

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Product Code: 00009630

No of Pages: 63

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ABSTRACT

This study examined the Influence of insecurity on tourism development and patronage in Port Harcourt. It also examine to find out the forms of insecurity that affects development of tourism. The study also hopes to investigate the aspect of tourism development that is affected by insecurity. To also identify how insecurity affect tourism development and the level at which it affect it. Finally, the study also proffers solutions to challenges of insecurity on tourism development. The study adopted the descriptive survey method. A total number of two hundred (200) participants were selected using simple sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data in this study.  Four research objectives and two hypotheses were tested using descriptive mean and Pearson moment correlation. The hypothesis of the study showed that there was significant negative relationship between insecurity and tourism development in Port Harcourt (r= -.34*, df = 198, p<.05). There was significant positive relationship between insecurity and defatted to location in Port Harcourt (r= .19*, df = 198, p<.05). Result showed that, police abuse (M=3.43), general insecurity of lives and property (M =3.54) and hostage taking (M=2.62)are the three common forms of insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port Harcourt.  The result also found that event tourism (M =3.69), international (M=3.67) and educational tourism (M=2.76) are the three common forms of tourism that insecurity have affected in Port Harcourt. The result of the study also revealed that majority of respondent agreed that there was decrease in personal consumption as a result of insecurity on tourism in Port Harcourt. The study also found that security agencies should be provided with the necessary tools to fight insurgency and terrorism in the country has the mean value. The study concluded that insecurity have negative effect on tourism development. The study recommends that Government in Nigeria and particularly government of Port Harcourt should provide security personnel that is, police, soldiers amongst others in all tourist sites across the country. This will enable adequate security for both the people coming for visitation as well as the tourist sites/locations.







TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Cover page                                                                                                                              ii

Declaration                                                                                                                             iii

Approval Page                                                                                                                        iv

Certification                                                                                                                            v

Dedication                                                                                                                               vi

Acknowledgment                                                                                                                    vii

Table of content                                                                                                                      viii

List of tables                                                                                                                           x

Abstract                                                                                                                                  xi

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background Of The Study                                                                                          1

1.2       Statement of the Problem                                                                                           5

1.3       Objectives of the Study                                                                                              6

1.4       Research Questions                                                                                                    6

1.5       Hypothesis                                                                                                                  7

1.6       Significance of Study                                                                                                 7

1.7       Scope of Study                                                                                                            7

1.8       Definition of Terms                                                                                                    7

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Conceptual Framework                                                                                              8

2.1.1    Concept of Tourism                                                                                                    8

2.1.2    Concept of Security and Insecurity                                                                            1

2.2       Empirical Review of Literature                                                                                  22

2.2.1    Insecurity and Tourism in The Niger Delta Region of Nigeria                                22

2.3       Theoretical Framework                                                                                              24

2.4       Summary of Literature                                                                                               28

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                  29

3.2       Research Design                                                                                                         30

3.3       Population for the Study                                                                                             30

3.5       Sample and Sampling Techniques                                                                             31

3.6       Sample Size                                                                                                                31

3.6       Instrument for Data Collection                                                                                   31

3.7       Validation of the Instrument                                                                                      32

3.7       Reliability of The Instrument                                                                                     33

3.8       Method of Data Collection                                                                                         33

3.9       Method of Data Analysis                                                                                            34

 

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS

4.1      Introduction                                                                                                                 35

4.2       Hypothesis Testing                                                                                                     41

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1  Summary                                                                                                                    43

5.2  Conclusion                                                                                                                  44

5.3  Recommendations                                                                                                      44

5.4  Limitation of the Study                                                                                               45

5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies                                                                                       45

 

REFERENCES

APPENDIX






 

LIST OF TABLES

 

Table 4.1: Distribution of Participants Socio-Demographic Characteristics                        36

Table 4.2 forms of insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port Harcourt  37

Table 4.3 forms of insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port Harcourt  38

Table 4.4 ways insecurity affects tourism development in Port Harcourt                                    39

Table 4.5 ways insecurity affects tourism development in Port Harcourt                                    40

Table 4.6: Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) showing the relationship                 between insecurity and tourism development                                                              41

Table 4.7: Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) showing the                              relationship between insecurity and defatted to location                                                41

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Tourism is believed to be the fastest-growing industry across the world. Facts and figures have shown that it has an annual growth rate of 4% in countries like the United States of America, Italy, France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the Caribbean and of recent, African countries likeKenya. Travel and tourism remained one of the key growth drivers of Africa's economy, contributing 8.5% of the GDP in 2018; equivalent to $194.2 billion. According to the Jumia Hospitality Report (JHR - 2019), in Africa, this growth record placed the continent as the second-fastest growing tourism region in the world, with a growth rate of 5.6% after the Asia Pacific and against a 3.9% global average growth rate. However, sequel to the persistent insurgence of various groups in Nigeria, the nation’s culture and tourism sector has indeed suffered great losses from negative agents plaguing the industry, especially in Rivers State.

Accordingto Mathieson and Wall (2012), tourism refers to “the temporary movement of people to destinations outside the normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in these destinations and the facilities created to cater to their needs. Macinatohs and Goeldner (2006), defined tourism as “the sum total of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions of tourists, business supplies, host government and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and visitors”.Ordinarily, tourism is a collection of activities and services and industries that delivers a travel experience including transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishment, retail shops, entertainment, business, activity facilitates and other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups travelling away from home. Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes or a composite of activities, services and industries that delivers a travel experience to individuals (Okpoko, 2006).

The World Tourism Organisation (WTO - 2019), claims that tourism is currently the world largest industry with annual revenues of over 53 trillion dollars. Tourism isone of the fastest-growing industries in the world, is also an increasingly important source of income, employment and wealth in many countries and its rapid expansion has been considered as an interesting possibility for sustainable development, including poverty reduction, in Nigeria. The economic potential of the tourism industry in Nigeria is enormous as it can assist in diversifying the nation’s mono-cultural economy. In the principal analysis of the impact of tourism on the economy of Nigeria, according to Dantata (2011), the Company Income tax generated by the hospitality sector in the year 2005 was recorded at N313m. Spending by international tourists in that year has a direct impact on the national economy estimated at US$280/N36b. Downstream economic impacts from the export revenues of international tourists spending generated additional gross revenue of US$224m/N29b in the same year.

Another major benefit of tourism is its capacity to stimulate infrastructural development. The benefits from infrastructural development, perhaps, justified the primary reasons for implementing tourism programmes and activities in most states in Nigeria; like Rivers State (Adora, 2010).Tourism is an important medium for promoting international goodwill and friendship between Nigeria and other nations of the world. Since tourism is a cultural phenomenon promoting varied cultures and lifestyles, it helps to foster regional understanding, cooperation, social education among Nigerians and different regions of the world, especially in Africa. Above all, the cost and benefit of tourism development are obvious in Nigeria. It is important to acknowledge that the Niger Delta region has numerous tourist attraction sites. These included the Oloibiri oil museum, State transit hall and Ogidi shrine in Bayelsa State. In Rivers State, there are the Isaac Boro Park, King Jaja of Opobo Monument, Port-Harcourt Tourist beach, Port Harcourt Zoo and Okirikaaquatic stadium, Abraka River Resort, Obudu Cattle Ranch, the Kwa falls and Tinapa (Larry, 2005). The National War Museum and monument, The Azumini Blue River, the museum of colonial history and the Arochukwu caves, Benin Bronze, Museums, Art Galleries, Historic Sites, Parks, among others. Since the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation Act provided a legal framework for tourism development in the country, some of the enormous human and material resources developed into festivals are Calabar Christmas Carnival, Rivers State Festival of Arts and Culture (Rivfest Carnival currently known as carnival) among others (Eja, Oto, Yaro& Inyang, 2011). Undeniably, tourism has over the years distinguished itself as one of the major tools for income generation and poverty alleviation in a developing country like Nigeria. However, despite the enormous wealth associated with the culture and tourism sector, social insecurity in Nigeria has negatively impacted it. With the poor state of social instability and insecurity of all sorts, socio-economic development, foreign direct investment, and employment generation suffered greatly.

In recent times, Nations and countries of the world are fast discovering that true progress lies in the promotion of the culture and tourism sector but the question is what is tourism without security? Throughout the world, the tourism industry has been significantly affected by threats of terrorism and instances of terrorist attacks in the modern era. Safety and security have always been indispensable conditions for travel and tourism. But it is an incontestable fact that safety and security issues gained much bigger importance in the last two decades in tourism. Changes in the world during the last two decades were enormous. István and Krisztina (2010) observed that due to terrorist acts, local wars, natural disasters, epidemics and pandemics, security has significantly decreased. The travel and tourism industry could not avoid the negative impacts and consequences of these events. Moreover, some of these events manifested the vulnerability of tourism both on global and regional levels. More than any other economic activity, the success or failure of a tourism destination depends on being able to provide a safe and secure environment for visitors.

Incessant bombing attacks, kidnappings, election-related violence, hostage-taking, youth restiveness, inter-communal violence, abuses by police, general Insecurity of lives and property in Nigeria is some of the ways in which hundreds of investments worth billions of naira are destroyed. This has also placed the country at an all-time high terror alert while edging the economy towards a collapse. The culture and tourism sector is not left out in all these pandemonia. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the tourism sector is in serious jeopardy as a result of a high level of insecurity in the country.

The oil-rich Niger delta, in the south of the country, remains the scene of recurring violence between members of different ethnic groups competing for political and economic powers and between militia and security forces sent to restore peace and order in the area. Local groups are also fighting over control of the theft of crude oil, known as illegal bunkering. The violence is aggravated by the widespread availability of small arms, a problem that exists throughout Nigeria but is particularly acute in the Niger delta.

Rivers state where there isa large number of armed gangs saw some of the worst violence in 2004, hundreds of people were killed (some by security forces and others as a result of infighting between the groups) and thousands of people displaced from their homes, thereby increasing the number of criminals in the community. Considering all this insecurity in Niger Delta, former of the country (President Obasanjo), in one of his addresses mentioned that “no tourist in his right senses will choose Niger delta as his /her destination”.


1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is obvious from all indications that insecurity in the Niger delta is not taken into consideration when planning and developing the tourism facilities in the region. As a result of this insecurity, tourists are afraid of choosing their destination in the Niger Delta despite the wonderful tourism centres in the region (Owalleet al 2019).From the foregoing analysis, the vast tourism potentials in the Niger Delta region, especially Rivers state provide windows of opportunities for socio-economic development, foreign direct investment, and employment generation. These potentials, according to Larry (2005) cited in Eja, Ukwayi and Ojong (2012), range from natural to man-made such as the Table Mountain, colourful folks, beautiful landscape, overwhelming serenity and agreeable climate welcoming fun seekers to the highlands of Niger Delta. Tourism facilities end up lacking adequate patronage and often are not viable projects. This amounts to a waste of scarce economic resources which would have otherwise been useful if carefully harnessed.  Planners of tourism facilities should know that tourism is a social friendly venture. Hence, the present study is set out to determine the influence of insecurity on tourism development in Port Harcourt Rivers State.

However, these potentials alone are not sufficient to attract tourists because these destinations are less appealing to tourists if they are insecure or likely to experience serious conflict (Alluri, 2009). Security and stable polity provide the sine qua non for tourism development. Not only is tourism vulnerable to social insecurity it is opposed to insecurity. Despite the enormous tourism potentials in the region, the region is yet to translate into a tourist destination as a result of inherent social insecurity. However, none of the many scholarly research, to the best of our knowledge, have delved into the menace of social insecurity on tourism and hospitality industries in the Niger Delta Region. The influence of social insecurity provoked by youth restiveness on the socio-economic development, foreign investment, and generation of employment opportunities in the tourism sector were ignored thus, this study.


1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.

The major objective of the study is to identify this insecurity that affects insecurity on the development of tourism in Rivers state.

The following specific objectives will be addressed:

    i.            To find out the forms of insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port-Harcourt Rivers State.

     ii.         To identify the aspect of tourism development that is mainly affected by the forms of insecurity in the study area. 

   iii.        To identify how insecurity affects tourism development and the level at which it affects it.

   iv.         To proffer solutions to the challenges of insecurity on tourism development.


1.4       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

      I.         What are the forms of insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port Harcourt Rivers state?

    II.         What aspects of tourism development are mainly affected by the forms of insecurity in the study area?

  III.         In what ways does insecurity affect tourism development and the level at which it affects it?

  IV.         What are the solutions to the challenges of insecurity in tourism development?


1.5       HYPOTHESIS

H0: Insecurity has no significant effect on tourism development in Port Harcourt.

H1: Influence of insecurity are not significantly defatted to location in Port Harcourt


1.6       SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The study will be of great benefit to the following people, the tourist, general public, future researchers, academia, and tourist planners. Through this project work, the tourist will have a great knowledge of the effect of insecurity in the state, this work will create awareness to the general public on the state of insecurity in the location under study and the country as a whole thereby making everyone be security conscious. Future researchers will use this work as a baseline or foundation while carrying out their research. The academia will use this work as a reference point to carry out their research in the same related area while tourism planners will through this work know-how when are where to carry out their tourism journey at every point putting the level of insecurity in the country under consideration.


1.7       SCOPE OF STUDY

This study will be limited to the influence of insecurity on tourism development in Port Harcourt.


1.8       Definition of Terms

Tourism: The movement of the people from their normal place of residence to another place (with the intention to return) for a minimum period of twenty-four hours to a maximum of six months for the sole purpose of leisure and pleasure.

Insecurity: the state of being insecure or unsafe; liability to give way, be lost, or become unsafe or fraught with danger; want of secureness or stability; instability; liability to damage or loss: as, the insecurity of a staircase or a foundation.


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