ABSTRACT
This study examined the Influence of insecurity on tourism development and patronage in Port Harcourt. It also examine to find out the forms of insecurity that affects development of tourism. The study also hopes to investigate the aspect of tourism development that is affected by insecurity. To also identify how insecurity affect tourism development and the level at which it affect it. Finally, the study also proffers solutions to challenges of insecurity on tourism development. The study adopted the descriptive survey method. A total number of two hundred (200) participants were selected using simple sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data in this study. Four research objectives and two hypotheses were tested using descriptive mean and Pearson moment correlation. The hypothesis of the study showed that there was significant negative relationship between insecurity and tourism development in Port Harcourt (r= -.34*, df = 198, p<.05). There was significant positive relationship between insecurity and defatted to location in Port Harcourt (r= .19*, df = 198, p<.05). Result showed that, police abuse (M=3.43), general insecurity of lives and property (M =3.54) and hostage taking (M=2.62)are the three common forms of insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port Harcourt. The result also found that event tourism (M =3.69), international (M=3.67) and educational tourism (M=2.76) are the three common forms of tourism that insecurity have affected in Port Harcourt. The result of the study also revealed that majority of respondent agreed that there was decrease in personal consumption as a result of insecurity on tourism in Port Harcourt. The study also found that security agencies should be provided with the necessary tools to fight insurgency and terrorism in the country has the mean value. The study concluded that insecurity have negative effect on tourism development. The study recommends that Government in Nigeria and particularly government of Port Harcourt should provide security personnel that is, police, soldiers amongst others in all tourist sites across the country. This will enable adequate security for both the people coming for visitation as well as the tourist sites/locations.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Cover page ii
Declaration iii
Approval Page iv
Certification v
Dedication vi
Acknowledgment vii
Table of content viii
List of tables x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Of The Study 1
1.2 Statement
of the Problem 5
1.3 Objectives
of the Study 6
1.4 Research
Questions 6
1.5 Hypothesis 7
1.6 Significance
of Study 7
1.7 Scope
of Study 7
1.8 Definition
of Terms 7
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual
Framework 8
2.1.1 Concept of Tourism 8
2.1.2 Concept of Security and Insecurity 1
2.2 Empirical
Review of Literature 22
2.2.1 Insecurity
and Tourism in The Niger Delta Region of Nigeria 22
2.3 Theoretical
Framework 24
2.4 Summary
of Literature 28
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study
Area 29
3.2
Research Design 30
3.3 Population
for the Study 30
3.5 Sample
and Sampling Techniques 31
3.6 Sample
Size 31
3.6
Instrument for Data Collection 31
3.7
Validation of the Instrument 32
3.7
Reliability of The Instrument 33
3.8
Method of Data Collection 33
3.9
Method of Data Analysis 34
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2
Hypothesis Testing 41
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 43
5.2
Conclusion 44
5.3 Recommendations 44
5.4 Limitation
of the Study 45
5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies 45
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Distribution of Participants
Socio-Demographic Characteristics 36
Table
4.2 forms of insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port
Harcourt 37
Table
4.3 forms of insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port
Harcourt 38
Table
4.4 ways insecurity affects tourism development in Port Harcourt 39
Table
4.5 ways insecurity affects tourism development in Port Harcourt 40
Table 4.6: Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC)
showing the relationship between
insecurity and tourism development 41
Table 4.7: Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC)
showing the relationship between insecurity and defatted
to location 41
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Tourism is
believed to be the fastest-growing industry across the world. Facts and figures
have shown that it has an annual growth rate of 4% in countries like the United
States of America, Italy, France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the Caribbean
and of recent, African countries likeKenya. Travel
and tourism remained one of the key growth drivers of Africa's economy,
contributing 8.5% of the GDP in 2018;
equivalent to $194.2 billion. According to the Jumia Hospitality Report
(JHR - 2019), in Africa, this growth record
placed the continent as the second-fastest growing tourism region in the world,
with a growth rate of 5.6% after the Asia Pacific and against a 3.9% global
average growth rate. However, sequel to the persistent insurgence of
various groups in Nigeria, the nation’s culture and tourism sector has indeed
suffered great losses from negative agents plaguing the industry, especially in
Rivers State.
Accordingto Mathieson and Wall (2012), tourism
refers to “the temporary movement of people to destinations outside the normal
places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in these
destinations and the facilities created to cater to their needs. Macinatohs and
Goeldner (2006), defined tourism as “the sum total of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the interactions of tourists, business supplies,
host government and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting
these tourists and visitors”.Ordinarily, tourism is a collection of activities
and services and industries that delivers a travel experience including
transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishment, retail
shops, entertainment, business, activity facilitates and other hospitality services
provided for individuals or groups travelling away from home. Tourism is travel
for recreational, leisure or business purposes or a composite of activities,
services and industries that delivers a travel experience to individuals
(Okpoko, 2006).
The World Tourism
Organisation (WTO - 2019), claims that tourism is currently the world largest
industry with annual revenues of over 53 trillion dollars. Tourism isone of the
fastest-growing industries in the world, is also an increasingly important
source of income, employment and wealth in many countries and its rapid
expansion has been considered as an interesting possibility for sustainable
development, including poverty reduction, in Nigeria. The economic potential of
the tourism industry in Nigeria is enormous as it can assist in diversifying
the nation’s mono-cultural economy. In the principal analysis of the impact of
tourism on the economy of Nigeria, according to Dantata (2011), the Company
Income tax generated by the hospitality sector in the year 2005 was recorded at
N313m. Spending by international tourists in that year has a direct impact on
the national economy estimated at US$280/N36b. Downstream economic impacts from
the export revenues of international tourists spending generated additional gross
revenue of US$224m/N29b in the same year.
Another major
benefit of tourism is its capacity to stimulate infrastructural development.
The benefits from infrastructural development, perhaps, justified the primary
reasons for implementing tourism programmes and activities in most states in
Nigeria; like Rivers State (Adora, 2010).Tourism is an important medium for
promoting international goodwill and friendship between Nigeria and other
nations of the world. Since tourism is a cultural phenomenon promoting varied
cultures and lifestyles, it helps to foster regional understanding,
cooperation, social education among Nigerians and different regions of the
world, especially in Africa. Above all, the cost and benefit of tourism
development are obvious in Nigeria. It is important to acknowledge that the
Niger Delta region has numerous tourist attraction sites. These included the Oloibiri
oil museum, State transit hall and Ogidi shrine in Bayelsa State. In Rivers
State, there are the Isaac Boro Park, King Jaja of Opobo Monument,
Port-Harcourt Tourist beach, Port Harcourt Zoo and Okirikaaquatic stadium,
Abraka River Resort, Obudu Cattle Ranch, the Kwa falls and Tinapa (Larry, 2005).
The National War Museum and monument, The Azumini Blue River, the museum of
colonial history and the Arochukwu caves, Benin Bronze, Museums, Art Galleries,
Historic Sites, Parks, among others. Since the Nigerian Tourism Development
Corporation Act provided a legal framework for tourism development in the
country, some of the enormous human and material resources developed into
festivals are Calabar Christmas Carnival, Rivers State Festival of Arts and
Culture (Rivfest Carnival currently known as carnival) among others (Eja, Oto,
Yaro& Inyang, 2011). Undeniably, tourism has over the years distinguished
itself as one of the major tools for income generation and poverty alleviation
in a developing country like Nigeria. However, despite the enormous wealth
associated with the culture and tourism sector, social insecurity in Nigeria has
negatively impacted it. With the poor state of social instability and
insecurity of all sorts, socio-economic development, foreign direct investment,
and employment generation suffered greatly.
In recent times, Nations
and countries of the world are fast discovering that true progress lies in the
promotion of the culture and tourism sector but the question is what is tourism
without security? Throughout the world, the tourism industry has been
significantly affected by threats of terrorism and instances of terrorist attacks
in the modern era. Safety and security have always been indispensable conditions
for travel and tourism. But it is an incontestable fact that safety and
security issues gained much bigger importance in the last two decades in
tourism. Changes in the world during the last two decades were enormous. István
and Krisztina (2010) observed that due to terrorist acts, local wars, natural
disasters, epidemics and pandemics, security has significantly decreased. The
travel and tourism industry could not avoid the negative impacts and
consequences of these events. Moreover, some of these events manifested the
vulnerability of tourism both on global and regional levels. More than any other
economic activity, the success or failure of a tourism destination depends on
being able to provide a safe and secure environment for visitors.
Incessant bombing
attacks, kidnappings, election-related violence, hostage-taking, youth
restiveness, inter-communal violence, abuses by police, general Insecurity of
lives and property in Nigeria is some of the ways in which hundreds of
investments worth billions of naira are destroyed. This has also placed the
country at an all-time high terror alert while edging the economy towards a
collapse. The culture and tourism sector is not left out in all these pandemonia.
It would not be an exaggeration to say that the tourism sector is in serious
jeopardy as a result of a high level of insecurity in the country.
The oil-rich Niger
delta, in the south of the country, remains the scene of recurring violence
between members of different ethnic groups competing for political and economic
powers and between militia and security forces sent to restore peace and order
in the area. Local groups are also fighting over control of the theft of crude
oil, known as illegal bunkering. The violence is aggravated by the widespread
availability of small arms, a problem that exists throughout Nigeria but is
particularly acute in the Niger delta.
Rivers state where
there isa large number of armed gangs saw some of the worst violence in 2004,
hundreds of people were killed (some by security forces and others as a result
of infighting between the groups) and thousands of people displaced from their
homes, thereby increasing the number of criminals in the community. Considering
all this insecurity in Niger Delta, former of the country (President Obasanjo),
in one of his addresses mentioned that “no tourist in his right senses will
choose Niger delta as his /her destination”.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is obvious from
all indications that insecurity in the Niger delta is not taken into
consideration when planning and developing the tourism facilities in the
region. As a result of this insecurity, tourists are afraid of choosing their
destination in the Niger Delta despite the wonderful tourism centres in the
region (Owalleet al 2019).From the
foregoing analysis, the vast tourism potentials in the Niger Delta region,
especially Rivers state provide windows of opportunities for socio-economic
development, foreign direct investment, and employment generation. These
potentials, according to Larry (2005) cited in Eja, Ukwayi and Ojong (2012),
range from natural to man-made such as the Table Mountain, colourful folks,
beautiful landscape, overwhelming serenity and agreeable climate welcoming fun
seekers to the highlands of Niger Delta. Tourism facilities end up lacking
adequate patronage and often are not viable projects. This amounts to a waste
of scarce economic resources which would have otherwise been useful if
carefully harnessed. Planners of tourism
facilities should know that tourism is a social friendly venture. Hence, the
present study is set out to determine the influence of insecurity on tourism
development in Port Harcourt Rivers State.
However, these
potentials alone are not sufficient to attract tourists because these
destinations are less appealing to tourists if they are insecure or likely to
experience serious conflict (Alluri, 2009). Security and stable polity provide
the sine qua non for tourism development. Not only is tourism vulnerable to
social insecurity it is opposed to insecurity. Despite the enormous tourism
potentials in the region, the region is yet to translate into a tourist
destination as a result of inherent social insecurity. However, none of the
many scholarly research, to the best of our knowledge, have delved into the
menace of social insecurity on tourism and hospitality industries in the Niger
Delta Region. The influence of social insecurity provoked by youth restiveness
on the socio-economic development, foreign investment, and generation of
employment opportunities in the tourism sector were ignored thus, this study.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.
The
major objective of the study is to identify this insecurity that affects
insecurity on the development of tourism in Rivers state.
The
following specific objectives will be addressed:
i.
To find out the forms of
insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port-Harcourt Rivers State.
ii.
To identify the aspect of
tourism development that is mainly affected by the forms of insecurity in the
study area.
iii. To identify how insecurity affects tourism
development and the level at which it affects it.
iv.
To proffer solutions to
the challenges of insecurity on tourism development.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
I.
What are the forms of
insecurity that affects the development of tourism in Port Harcourt Rivers
state?
II.
What aspects of tourism development
are mainly affected by the forms of insecurity in the study area?
III.
In what ways does insecurity
affect tourism development and the level at which it affects it?
IV.
What are the solutions to
the challenges of insecurity in tourism development?
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
H0: Insecurity
has no significant effect on tourism development in Port Harcourt.
H1:
Influence of insecurity are not
significantly defatted to location in Port Harcourt
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study will be
of great benefit to the following people, the tourist, general public, future
researchers, academia, and tourist planners. Through this project work, the
tourist will have a great knowledge of the effect of insecurity in the state,
this work will create awareness to the general public on the state of
insecurity in the location under study and the country as a whole thereby
making everyone be security conscious. Future researchers will use this work as
a baseline or foundation while carrying out their research. The academia will
use this work as a reference point to carry out their research in the same
related area while tourism planners will through this work know-how when are
where to carry out their tourism journey at every point putting the level of
insecurity in the country under consideration.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study will be
limited to the influence of insecurity on tourism development in Port Harcourt.
1.8
Definition of Terms
Tourism: The movement of the people from their normal place of
residence to another place (with the intention to return) for a minimum period
of twenty-four hours to a maximum of six months for the sole purpose of leisure
and pleasure.
Insecurity:
the
state of being insecure or unsafe; liability to give way, be lost, or become
unsafe or fraught with danger; want of secureness or stability; instability;
liability to damage or loss: as, the insecurity of a
staircase or a foundation.
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