TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of content
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aims
of the research
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Senna
Tora
2.1.1 Taxonomy
of Senna Tora (Nature Serve, 2007)
2.1.2 Geographical
distribution of Senna Tora
2.1.3 Growth
requirements of Senna Tora
2.1.4 Propagation
of Senna Tora
2.1.5 Importance/uses
of Senna Tora
2.2 Liver
2.2.1 Anatomy
of the liver
2.2.2 Structure
of the liver
2.2.3 Functions
of the liver
2.2.4 Hepatic
metabolism
2.2.5 Cholesterol
Synthesis
2.2.6 Pathway
for the synthesis of cholesterol
2.2.7 Liver
damage/intoxication
2.2.8 Causes
of liver damage
2.2.9 Liver
diseases
2.2.10 Toxicity
2.2.11Tissue Lesion
2.2.12 Hepatotoxicity
2.3 Hepatotoxicity
of Carbon tetrachloride
2.3.1 Biotransformation
of carbon tetrachloride
2.3.2 Action
of carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)
2.3.4 Properties
ofCCL4
2.3.5 Hazardous
effects of CCL4
2.3.6 Uses
of carbon tetrachloride
2.3.7 Biotransformation
and covalent binding
2.4 Liver
enzymes and functions
2.5 Oxidative
stress and radical reactions
2.6 Lipid
peroxidation and free radicals
2.7 Reversing
liver damage
2.8 Regulations
of cholesterol levels
CHAPTER
THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.0 Materials
3.1 Plant
materials
3.2 Animals
3.3 Equipments
3.4 Chemicals
and reagents
3.5 Experimental
design
3.6 Methods
3.6.1 Preparation
of plant materials
3.6.2 Extraction
of plant material
3.7 Assay
of cholesterol principle
3.8 Reagent
composition
3.9 Assay
procedure
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESULTS
4.0 Effect of carbon tetrachloride and senna
tora extract on cholesterol level
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Suggestion
for further research
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Many of the
developing countries including African countries like Nigeria practice
traditional medicine as its main source of health care. This traditional
medicine is normally gotten from plant origin [Rehan Ahmad et al, 2008, Stephen bent, 2008].Today nearly 88 percent of the
global populations switch to plant derived medicines as their first line of
defence for maintaining health and combating diseases [Kintzois et al,2006]. Presently there are about
60 types of medicinal plants that have been recognised in primary health care
and are classified according to their pharmacological actions such as peptic
ulcers, anti flatulence, laxative, anti diarrhoea and anti hepatic[Viomolos et al,2003]. However in future the
discovery of novel therapeutic agents will be only dependent on plant origin [Perulmalsamy
et al, 1999].
Senna tora is an example of traditional medicine with
pharmacological actions as anticholesterolemic, antispasmodic, carninitative, emolliants,
ophthalmic and purgative [Polunin and Stanton,(1984),Yeung,(1985), Manandhar, (2002)].
It can be cardiotonic, antiperiodic, anthelminitic and expectorant and can also be used in treating cogh,leprosy ,ring worm ,colic,flatulence, constipation
and other disorders[Nature serve,2007]. Senna
tora formally regarded as cassia tora is capable of suppressing the
production of prostaglandins and other inflammatory agonists such as cytokines,
histamine, kinin and free radical.manila,1998 buttressed his observations
confirming its use in the treatment of constipation, edema and liver protection
in Korea.
Liver, the
largest internal organ of the human body performs more than five hundred
functions, all of which are very vital to life. The liver can regenerate or
grow back cells that have been destroyed by short term injury or disease, but
if the liver is damaged repeatedly over a long period of time, it may undergo
irreversible changes which permanently interferes with its function.
Carbon
tetrachloride is a toxic substance that interrupts the liver and its functions.
This is to say that it damages the liver when ingested.CCL4 is
stable in the presence of air and light, it is also inflammable. Despite its
toxic effect on the liver, it is useful as grain fumigant ,pesticide etc. Equilibrium
of the body fluids and secretions are altered as a result of carbon
tetrachloride. For instance lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism and biotransformation functions of the liver are terminated or
altered in the presence of CCL4.Thus carbon tetrachloride is lethal.
The liver produces some enzyme such as aspartate amino transaminases, alkaline
phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase,gamma glutamyl transsferase etc which
catalyses the biochemical activities of
the body, and on the attack of CCL4 to the liver ,these
enzymes will not be produced.
Free radicals
are highly reactive compounds with uneven number of electrons in their
outermost orbit. This can react with cellular compounds like unsaturated fatty
acids and can generate new free radicals which result in irreversible
biochemical injury like membrane damage, apotosis and cell necrosis. Antioxidants
scavenge free radicals and stop the subsequent reactions hence protecting
the macromolecules and cellular environment from toxicity and degeneration
[Hong B.O. Shao et al, 2008].The
oxygen consumption inherent in cell growth leads to the generation of series of
reactive oxygen species [ROS].The ROS are molecules such as superoxide anion
radicals and hydroxyl radicals[OH]. ROS may be very damaging attacking
the lipids of cell membrane and DNA mutation which may further propagate
the propagation of many diseases[Valontao et
al 2002,Gulcin et al 2003].
Reactive oxygen species are continuously produced during normal Physiological events
and are removed by antioxidants defence mechanism [Buyukokuroglu et al,2001]. Many results have shown
that some of the cassia species have acquired antimicrobial substances and
antioxidant activities.
1.1 AIMS OF THE RESEARCH
The aim of this research is to find out hepatoproductive effects of sena tora leave extract on carbon
tetrachloride induced toxicity.
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