GC-MS CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOPROTECTIVE POTENTIALS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM THE LEAVES, STEM BARK AND ROOT BARK OF VITEX DONIANA SWEET (VERBENACEAE)

  • 0 Review(s)

Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009882

No of Pages: 160

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

Price :

₦5000

  • $

ABSTRACT

Vitex doniana is used in herbal medicine for the treatment of diseases and infection such as wounds, burns, epilepsy, diarrhea and diabetes. These claims are yet to be fully documented through scientific evidence, hence the uncovering of the secondary metabolites present in the leaves, stem and root barks of V. doniana and assessment of their antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic potentials. Phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals and proximate compositions were determined using standard methods. GC/MS technique was employed in the determination of the volatile constituents of the chloroform crude extracts of leaves, stem and root barks of V. doniana. The overall range of bioactive component range were for alkaloids (1.68-6.39%), flavonoid (2.18-5.02%), saponin (0.86-4.12%), tannin (0.58-2.50%) and phenol (0.293-2.20%). The plant vitamins content comprise ascorbic acid (0.011-0.021%), niacin (0.000128-0.000249%), riboflavin (0.000144-0.000260%), thiamin (0.000165-0.000497%) and β-caotenoid (0.0566-0.1227%). The plant parts are good sources of K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Se and Zn. V. doniana leaf crude extract showed a maximum of 0.041trypsin inhibitory unit (TIU), 25% inhibition against Gram-positive human pathogen, 50% inhibition with the Gram-negative microorganisms. The antidiabetic experiment with 25 albino rats showed no significant change in the induced diabetes after prolonged period treatment, though there was weight gain. By GC/MS analyses the compounds identified were thirteen from the leaves, nine from the stem bark and six from the root bark in the class of alkane hydrocarbon, tocopherols, alkaloids, ether, steroids, ester of unsaturated fatty acids and sulphur compounds all of which possess physiological uses, for example, [6] 11-[Cyclohexyl ethanamide] Olean 9/11, 13/14-diene, revealed in its fragmentation pattern the amide function responsible for activity. The identified compounds revealed bio-protective potentials of V .doniana . In conclusion the leaves, stem bark and root bark of V. doniana have potentials for pharmacological and physiological functions for good eye health maintenance, treatment of diabetes, fertility, postpartum bleeding, infection, anemia, and immunity owing to high value of ascorbic acid in synergy with α-tocopherol and selenium   




TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                                                                                     i

Declaration                                                                                                                                                                                                  ii

Certification                                                                                                                                                                                                 iii

Dedication                                                                                                                                                                                                    iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                                                                                     v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                                                                                        vi

List of Tables                                                                                                              ix

List of Figures                                                                                                             x

List of Plates                                                                                                               xi

Abstract                                                                                                                      xii

 

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study                                                                                1

1.2       Statement of the Problem                                                                               3

1.3       Justification of the Research                                                                          3

1.4       Aim and Objectives                                                                                        3

1.5       Scope of the Study                                                                                          4

 

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Origin and Ecology of Vitex doniana                                                             5

2.2       Scientific Classification of Vitex doniana                                                      5

2.3       The Genus Vitex                                                                                             6

2.4       Morphology of the Plant Vitex doniana                                                         9

2.5       Ethnomedical Uses of Vitex doniana                                                             9

2.6       Biological Activity of Vitex doniana                                                              10

2.7       Economic Importance of Vitex doniana                                                         11

2.8       Chemical Compounds Isolated from Vitex species                                        11

2.8.1    Compounds isolated from Vitex negundo                                                      11

2.8.2    Compounds isolated from Vitexc anescens                                                    12

2.8.3    Compounds isolated from Vitex doniana                                                       13

2.9       Phytochemicals                                                                                              15

2.9.1    Flavonoids                                                                                                      15

2.9.2    Saponins                                                                                                         16

2.9.3    Steroids                                                                                                           16

2.9.4    Tannins                                                                                                           17

2.9.5    Alkaloids                                                                                                        17

2.9.6    Phenols                                                                                                           17

2.9.7    Terpenes                                                                                                         18

2.9.7.1 Classes of terpenes                                                                                         18

2.9.8    Glycoside                                                                                                        19

2.9.9    Lipids                                                                                                              20

2.9.9.1 Classes of lipids                                                                                              21

2.9.9.2 Sterols                                                                                                             22

2.9.9.3 Phospholipids                                                                                                 23

2.9.9.4 Health effect of lipids                                                                                     23

2.9.10  Vitamin                                                                                                          24

2.9.10.1 Classification of vitamins                                                                             25

2.9.10.2 Fat-soluble vitamins                                                                                     25

2.9.10.3 Water-soluble vitamins                                                                                25

2.9.10.4 Health effects of vitamins                                                                            27

2.10     Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy                                                                  28

2.11     Mass Spectrometry                                                                                         28

 

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1       Materials                                                                                                         31

3.2       Methods                                                                                                          31

3.2.1    Experimental procedure                                                                                 31

3.2.1    Collection and identification of plant material                                              32

3.2.3    Preparation of plant sample                                                                            32

3.2.4    Extraction of plant material                                                       32

3.2.5   Quantitative determination of phytochemical                                                                                  34

3.2.6    Concentration of chloroform extract                                                              34

3.2.7    Vitamins determination                                                                                  38

3.2.8    Mineral element determination                                                                      41

3.2.9    Proximate composition determination of Vitex doniana                                47

3.2.10  Antioxidant activity determination: By trypsin inhibitor analysis                        50

3.2.11  Antimicrobial determination                                                                          51

3.2.12    Anti-diabetic determination                                                                                     52

 

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1       Phytochemical Results of Vitex doniaana Leaves, Stem Bark and Root

            Bark                                                                                                                56

4.2       Vitamin Composition of Vitex  doniana Leaves, Stem and Root barks   59

4.3       Mineral Elements Results of Vitex doniana Leaves, Stem and Root Barks   62

4.4       Proximate Results of Vitex doniana Leaves, Stem and Root Barks                        66

4.5       Structure Elucidation of Compounds                                                             70

4.5.1    Vitex doniana leaves                                                                                       71

4.5.2    Vitex doniana stem structure analysis                                                            98

4.5.3    Vitex doniana root bark structure analysis                                                     110

4.6       Characteristic Structural Functions of Peak Compounds                               125

4.6.1    Key structures and activity relationship of the keto-functions in [9]

            and [10]                                                                                                           126

4.6.2    Antinutritional factor of V. doniana leaves: trypsin inhibitor and

            antioxidant activity                                                                                         127

4.6.3    Antidabetic activity                                                                                        128

4.6.4    Antimicrobial activity                                                                                     134

4.7       Evaluation of Metabolites of V. doniana for Medicinal Uses                      136

 

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                      138

5.2        Recommendations                                                                                    138

5.3        Contributions to Knowledge                                                                    139

5.4        Suggestion for Further Studies                                                                 140

 

REFERENCES

APPENDICES


 

LIST OF TABLES

2.1:                  Composition of Visionplus                                                                 27

4.1                   Phytochemical Results of V. doniana Leaves, Stem and Root Barks      56

4.2:                  Vitamin Composition of V. doniana Leaves, Stem and Root Barks   59

4.3:                  Mineral Element Content of V. doniana                                            62

4.4:                  Proximate Composition of Vitex doniana                                          66

4.5:                  Phytochemicals Identified from GC-MS Analyses of the Leaves,

                        Stem Bark and Root Bark of Chloroform Extract of V. dioniana          119

4.6:                  Phytochemicals Identified from GC-MS Analyses of the Stem

                        Bark of Chloroform Extract of V. dioniana                                       120

4.7:                  Phytochemicals Identified from GC-MS Analyses of the Root Bark

                        of Chloroform Extract of V. dioniana                                                121

4.8:                  Nature and Characteristic Properties of the Hydrocarbons                        123

4.9:                  Antinutritional Factor of V. doniana Leaves: Trypsin Inhibitor          128

4.10:                Antidiabetic Study of Activity of Chloroform Extract of V.

                        Doniana Leaves with albino rats                                                        130

4.11:                Antimicrobial Activity of the Chloroform and Aqueous Leaf

                        Extract of V. doniana                                                                          133

 


 





LIST OF FIGURES

4.1:                  Chromatogram of V. doniana                                                             71

4.2:                  GC/MS Spectrum of Compound [6]                                                  75

4.3:                  Fragmentation Pattern of Compound [6]                                            76

4.4:                  GC/MS Spectrum of Compound [7]                                                  78

4.5:                  Fragmentation Pattern of Compound [7]                                            79

4.6:                  GC/MS Spectrum of COMPOUND [10]                                           80

4.7:                  Fragmentation Pattern of Compound [10]                                          81

4.8:                  GC/MS Spectrum of Compound [12]                                                82

4.9:                  Fragmentation Pattern of Compound [12]                                          83

4.10                 GC/MS Spectrum for Compound [16]                                               84

4.11:                Fragmentation Pattern of Compound [16]                                          85

4.12:                Fragmentation Pattern of Compound [21]                                          86

4.13:                GC/MS Spectrum of Coumpound [22]                                              87

4.14:                Fragmentation Pattern of Compound [22]                                          88

4.15:                12-[(4-Methoxy 2-en 3-γ-Butyrolactone)] 4,4,8,10,14,17,20,20                                       Octamethyl 1,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7a,7b,8,8b,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a                                        octadecahydro 24 pic Ursan 12-en-3-one                                           91

4.16:                Chromatogram of V. doniana Stem Bark                                           98

4.17:                GC/MS Spectrum of Compound [19]                                                102

4.18:                GC/MS spectrum of Compound [21]                                                 105

4.19:                GC/MS spectrum of Compound [22]                                                 106

4.20:                Chromatogram of V. doniana Root Bark                                           110

4.21:                GC/MS Spectrum of Compound [26]                                                113

4.22:                GC/MS Spectrum of Compound [27]  17-[2-(4-Methyl 3-propenyl

                        cyclohexene 1-yl 4-propyl thiazole) lanost 3-ol 17-[2-(4-Methyl

3-propenyl cyclohexene 1-yl 4-propyl thiazole) lanost 3-ol                        115

 

 




 

LIST OF PLATES

1:                     V. doniana Leaf                                                                                  8

2:                     V. donianastem Bark                                                                          8

3:                     V. doniana Root Bark                                                                         8


 



                                                                   

 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Owing to the abundance of diverse native naturally occurring wild edible plants, all civilizations have always had traditions of using plant to promote healing. Though, herbal or traditional medicine tends to look primitive and unscientific compared to synthetic drugs, the truth, however, is that the use of plants to heal or combat illness or diseases is perhaps as old as humankind. On the other hand, the biocides are derived from phytotoxic plant species classified as botanicals that contain secondary metabolites as their active ingredient with diverse chemical structures, and different mechanism of action (Amanze, 2010). So the use of herbs for medicine, and pesticides has made plants and plant products to remain as the basis of development of modern drugs and biocides and other plant products (Gills, 1992; Uzoma, 2004).

Various plant parts have been generally used for treatment of intractable diseases or disease conditions in man from history (Uzoma, 2004). Although a significant number of modern medicines include synthetic substances, many still contain drugs naturally produced by plants, and as recent as 50 years ago the vast majority of medicines used in the treatment of human diseases and ailments were plant-produced (Stern, 1994). Those useful plants associated with medicinal uses are tagged medicinal plants (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis, 1977). Man has used plants to treat common infectious diseases. The use of herbal medicine to treat illnesses has grown in the current technological era. Throughout the world, fruits; stem bark and leaves are used to treat a variety of diseases and advance humankind.  Any  particular plant that has been used and noted as capable of boosting immunity, reduce incidences of cancer in regular users, treat anaemia, gonorrhea, diarrhea, jaundice, leprosy, dysentery, liver diseases, or improve fertility as the case may be, because its biological activities has been ethnobotanically reported, such is therefore a medicinal plant (Stern, 1994). Nonetheless, the demand from both public and medical establishments makes it mandatory that a study which will lead to the scientific explanation of the plant’s therapeutic capabilities be conducted for it to gain increasing credibility and acceptance. Therefore, some of the traditional medicines are still included as part of the habitual treatment of various maladies (Rossier, 2006).

A medicinal plant’s root bark extract, juice from leaves, and seed paste are all useful having efficacious secondary metabolites and their derived products. The continuing emergence of drug-resistant-microbes and the increasing evolutionary adaptations by pathogenic organisms to commonly used antimicrobials have reduced the efficacies of several antimicrobial agents currently in use. This is another way of saying that natural novel sources such as plants remain and continue to be necessary where and when an ailment develops resistance to treatment; plants are basis for many synthetic drugs (Sofowora, 1982; Maureer-Grimes et al., 1996; Pascual et al., 2002), and natural remedy is excellent when the herbal treatment is a preventive measure which is the last strategy in fighting diseases. The effectiveness of a herbal treatment depends largely on the presence of the various complex chemical substances of different compositions which are found in the plant’s secondary metabolite (Prajapati et al., 2003) and function as defence against herbivores, microbes and competing plants (Wink, 1988).

The present study was carried out to isolate and characterize bioactive compounds from the leaves, stem bark and root bark of V. doniana Sweet and to evaluate some of the biological activities of their extracts.  

 

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

With morethan 270 species in the Vitex genus, Vitex doniana is a recognized species of plant. According to phytochemical reports on Vitex species, they are abundant in terpenoids, flavonoid glycosides, iridoids and ketosteroids (Ono et al., 2000). Iridoid glycosides with the names agnuside, eurostoside, nishindaside and isonishidaside have been isolated from leaves and fruit of some Vitex species as a result of research. Among the pharmacological effects of the isolates include anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The isolates’s pharmacological effects include analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. There is however, a dearth of published data regarding the V. doniana leaves, stem bark and root bark potential for bioprotection. Data related to the chemical constituentss of bioactive components from V. doniana are scarce. Also, the claims made by local traditional herbalists on the use of V. doniana in herbal medicine for the treatment of ailments are without scientific evidence and authentication

1.3       JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The leaves of V. doniana are consumed not only as food but also traditionally employed extensively to advance fruitfulness and stop postpartum bleeding in women and to treat eye troubles. The leaves are also touted as materials for the treatment of diabetes by local herbalists.The stem bark in powdered state are used in tea infusion to eliminate backache while the root bark decoction is used toimprove fertility. All these are based on personal communication and are not documented, hence the need for this research.

1.4       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

This research is aimed at uncovering the bioactive secondary metabolites present in the leaves, stem bark and root bark of V. doniana and assessing some of their bio-protective potentials. This was achieved through the following specific objectives, to:

i)               determine the bioactive constituents of the leaves, stem bark and root bark of V. doniana using GC/MS technique.

ii)             determine the proximate, mineral and vitamin contents of the leaves, stem bark and root bark of V. doniana.

iii)           evaluate the antimicrobial potency of the crude chloroform extracts of V. doniana.

iv)            evaluate the anti-diabetic property of the crude extracts with a view to relating the structure of identified peak compounds to functional activity.

v)             determine the antioxidant activity of the crude extracts.

vi)            establish ethno-botanical basis for the use of V. doniana leaves, stem and root barks in the treatment of diseases and infections compared with standard vision plus drug.

1.5       SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This coverage of this study targeted identification of the peak compounds from the leaves, stem bark and root bark of V. doniana by Agilent GC/MS analytical method backed up by fragmentation pattern and spectra of known standard compounds.The antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic activities of the secondary metabolites of the leaves and the mineral elements as well as the proximate compositions of the leaves, stem bark and root bark of vitex species common in South Eastern Nigeria were investigated. The bioprotective properties and the uses of the leaves, stem bark and root bark were discussed with a view to establishing the basis or otherwise of use of the plant in ethnomedicine.    


Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects

FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!

+(234) 0814 780 1594

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.

Ratings & Reviews

0.0

No Review Found.

Review


To Comment


Sold By

ProjectShelve

8063

Total Item

Reviews (31)

  • Anonymous

    2 weeks ago

    This is so amazing and unbelievable, it’s really good and it’s exactly of what I am looking for

  • Anonymous

    4 weeks ago

    Great service

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    This is truly legit, thanks so much for not disappointing

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    I was so happy to helping me through my project topic thank you so much

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Just got my material... thanks

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Thank you for your reliability and swift service Order and delivery was within the blink of an eye.

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    It's actually good and it doesn't delay in sending. Thanks

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    I got the material without delay. The content too is okay

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Thank you guys for the document, this will really go a long way for me. Kudos to project shelve👍

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    You guys have a great works here I m really glad to be one of your beneficiary hope for the best from you guys am pleased with the works and content writings it really good

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Excellent user experience and project was delivered very quickly

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    The material is very good and worth the price being sold I really liked it 👍

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Wow response was fast .. 👍 Thankyou

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Trusted, faster and easy research platform.

  • TJ

    2 months ago

    great

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    My experience with projectselves. Com was a great one, i appreciate your prompt response and feedback. More grace

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Sure plug ♥️♥️

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Thanks I have received the documents Exactly what I ordered Fast and reliable

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Wow this is amazing website with fast response and best projects topic I haven't seen before

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Genuine site. I got all materials for my project swiftly immediately after my payment.

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    It agree, a useful piece

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    Good work and satisfactory

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    Good job

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    Fast response and reliable

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    Projects would've alot easier if everyone have an idea of excellence work going on here.

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    Very good 👍👍

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    Honestly, the material is top notch and precise. I love the work and I'll recommend project shelve anyday anytime

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    Well and quickly delivered

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    I am thoroughly impressed with Projectshelve.com! The project material was of outstanding quality, well-researched, and highly detailed. What amazed me most was their instant delivery to both my email and WhatsApp, ensuring I got what I needed immediately. Highly reliable and professional—I'll definitely recommend them to anyone seeking quality project materials!

  • Anonymous

    3 months ago

    Its amazing transacting with Projectshelve. They are sincere, got material delivered within few minutes in my email and whatsApp.

  • TJ

    5 months ago

    ProjectShelve is highly reliable. Got the project delivered instantly after payment. Quality of the work.also excellent. Thank you