TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.7 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
1.8 SOURCES
OF DATA AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
1.9 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Method
of Study
3.3 SOURCES
OF DATA
3.4 MODEL
SPECIFICATION
3.5 Research
Design
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction
4.2
PATTERN OF
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AND HEALTH (1970-2009).
4.2 PATTERN OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
IN NIGERIA (1970-2009)
4.3
PATTERN OF
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH IN NIGERIA (1970-2009)
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND POLICY
IMPLICATION
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDING
5.2
CONCLUSION
5.3
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Economic Growth which is the
quantitative increase in output of goods and services in an economy at a
particular point in time (i.e. Increase in production level of every sector of
the economy) is one of the most important attributes of the macro-economic
goals which every economy aims to achieve but Economic Development is sustained
growth in the economy accomplished by improvement in the standard of the living
of the people in the economy, it therefore considers an increase in output level
that will reflects on Human Capital in the economy which includes though not
limited to:-
Higher life Expectancy i.e. Good things of life
Higher Educational level
Good Health facility
Less Mortality rate
Higher
Per Capital Income
Increase in employment of natural, human and financial
resources in the economy
Higher level of functional infrastructures
Basic facilities or necessities of life e.g. Food,
Clothing, shelter etc.
Public Injection or Expenditure is an
action the Government to engage in financial activities on a sector or the
entire country for the purpose of influencing economic activities or attainment
of desirable or preconceived macro-economic goals.
As the Government being the Public
Sector plans to engage in certain financial expenditure in its short or
long-term budget, it aims at providing certain public goods for the citizens to
increase their standard of living which is investing in Human Capital.
However the realization that an
healthy and well educated people makes an economy more productive has now
shifted the focus of the Government to invest in human capital. Thus Human
Capital is now regarded as the primary determinant of a country’s standard of
living.
The quality of human resources
determines a nation’s growth and development.
Natural resources are being
exploited, processed and developed by human beings to eventually benefit
mankind. Natural or Physical resources of whatever kind will not on their own
contribute to the development of a nation.
Thus the extent to
which a nation develops is determined by the level of human resources which is
a function of the level of Public Injection or Expenditure.
This justifies the ever increasing
government expenditure in education and health towards the development of human
resources in the economy. There is a link between highly standard education,
health and meaningful development. Education raises the quality of life,
improves health and productivity in market and non market work, increases
individuals access to paid employment.
According to Marble and Paltrino
(1995), Expenditure in education and health raises per capita GNP, reduces poverty
and increases life expectancy.
This is because individuals in the
economy when healthy and highly educated will contribute effectively to the
economic production and will reflect positively on the economy.
Injection of funds into development
of Human Capital and enabling environment though is expenditure at present to
the Government but could later become revenue to the Government in future.
Considering the case of
United Kingdom where over the years have been investing in education and
creating good social infrastructures is now recording 40% of its revenue from
Net Income from Abroad accrued from foreign student and tourism.
Clearly put a country which is unable
to develop the skills and knowledge of its people and utilize them effectively
for national development will be unable to develop in growth and output and
such will be characterized with low utilization of both natural and human
resources, under developed and poor infrastructures.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Nigeria’s economic potential is well
recognized. It is the biggest economy in the West African sub region. Given the
country’s considerable resource endowment and coastal location there is
potential for strong growth. Yet Nigeria has realized very little of
this potentials. Previous efforts at planning and visioning were not sustained.
The history of economic stagnation, declining welfare and social instability
has undermined development for most of the past 30 years.
It is sad to note that Nigeria
Standard of Education has fallen drastically in both product and infrastructures
compared to other African Countries with less economic endowment e.g. Ghana, In
spite of the increase in government expenditure on Human Resources Development
over the years, its contributions to factors aiding economic growth and
development is very minimal. Based on this, its becomes interesting to examine
the nature of government expenditure on human resources in Nigeria and identify
the link between Human Resources
Development factors and economic
growth in order to establish the effects
of the increase in the government expenditure in education and health on the
economic growth and development in Nigeria.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
According to Adam Smith, (1776) the
basis for national wealth are skills, dexterity and competence of individuals.
Human resources play strategic roles in the development of a nation to the extent
that its development can not be overemphasized.
A formal education and health are
twin major institutional mechanism required for building and augmenting
people’s knowledge and attitude: therefore, it is imperative to study the
effects of government huge expenditure over the years on education and health
and their relative effects on economic growth of Nigeria.
Many of the previous studies on the
basis on human resources development growth in Nigeria have concentrated only on
the aspect of government expenditures on education, thereby failing to consider
the aspect of government expenditure on health.
This is rather inadequate as evident
in Odusola (1997) and Odubunmi (2007). Both the government expenditure on
education and health need to be considered together to be able to access their
joint impacts on economic growth.
The main focus of this study is
geared towards harmonizing the two fundamental factors of Human Resources
Development (Education and Health) as a product of Economic Growth and
Development which is a function of Public Injection / Expenditures in Nigeria
for over three and half decades between
1970 and 2009 due to their potentials in developing human Capital.
The finding of the study will add to
the existing findings/results of other researchers conducted in the past in the
scope of human resources development and economic growth.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The broad Objectives of this study
are to examine and specify Economic and Development in Nigeria as a function of
Public of injection which will gear the development of skills and talents of
individuals towards the achievement of the pre-conceived millennium goals
-Vision 2020.
The objectives are organized as
follows:-
1. To analyze the pattern of government
expenditure in education and health within the period of 1970 and 2009 in
Nigeria.
2. To assess the impacts and effects of
such spending of the government on the economic growth and development in the
country.
3. To develop economic models that will
clearly specify economic growth and development as a function of public
injection which a change in the former will results to a change in the later.
4. To make necessary conclusion and recommendation
to the policy and budget planners of the Country.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study shall cover
the government expenditures for of 38 years from 1970 to 2009, it is believe
that the periods are long enough the access and establish the pattern of
government expenditure on education and health towards the development of human
resources in the country.
The assumption is rested on the fact
that, it marked the end of civil war in the country, thereby necessitating the
reconstructing of the economy and mostly several development plans have been
executed within the periods which are as follows:-
The Second National Development Plan - 1970
– 1974
The Third National Development Plan - 1975 – 1980
The Fourth National Development Plan - 1981
– 1985
Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) - September 1986
1ST National Ruling Plan - 1990 – 1992
National Economic Empowerment and
Development Strategy (NEEDS) - 1999
and 2003
Vision 2020/Seven-Point Agenda - 2007
till date
All this development plans are very
important economic policies in the history of Nigeria as it all aims at economic
growth through deregulation, privatization of all sectors and creation of
wealth. However, the study focuses on the education and health sector of the Nigeria
Economy.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. Is there any link between Public
Expenditures and Economic Growth and Development?
2. Is human resources Development a yardstick
or Social Indicator in measuring Economic Growth and Development of a nation?
3. What are the various impacts of
Governmental Injection in the education and health sector on the Nigeria Economy?
4. Are the past pattern of the Government
Expenditures on education and health sufficient for growth in the sectors
towards adequate development in the economy?
1.7 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
The Hypothesis’s of this study which
are derived from the above question are stated as follows:-
Hypothesis 1,
Ho: There is no statistical significant impact
between Public Injection/Expenditure and Economic Growth and development
towards Human Capital development considering Education.
Hi: There is statistical significant impact
between Public Injection/Expenditure and Economic Growth and development
towards Human Capital development considering Education.
Hypothesis 2,
Ho: There is no statistical significant impact
between Public Injection/Expenditure and Economic Growth and development
towards Human Capital development considering Health.
Hi: There is statistical significant impact
between Public Injection/Expenditure and Economic Growth and development
towards Human Capital development considering Health.
1.8 SOURCES OF DATA AND METHODOLOGY
OF THE STUDY To
investigate the effects of Government Expenditure on human resources
development in Nigeria in the period between 1970 and 2007, Secondary data were
used to obtain values for the variables in the models.
Data for Government Expenditure on
education and health, labour force and gross domestic formation were gathered
from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin (various issues), Federal Office of
Statistics and National Bureau of statistics.
The Analysis will be descriptive statistical
technique involving cross tabulation tables and percentage and also regressing
the Data using the SPSS Software.
1.9 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY
The study shall contain five
chapters.
CHAPTER ONE: The
First Chapter shall contain the background of the study, statement of the
research problem, significant of the study, objectives of the study and the
research questions etc. that would guide the study.
CHAPTER TWO: The
Second Chapter would summaries the opinions of authorities on the subject
matter.
CHAPTER THREE: The Third
Chapter shall state the methodology to be adopted in the study.
CHAPTER FOUR: The
Fourth Chapter shall focus on the presentation and interpretation of the
regression results.
CHAPTER FIVE: The
Fifth Chapter is the last Chapter which will present the summary of the
findings, conclusion and appropriate recommendations.
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