ABSTRACT
In this study, Date Seed Granulated Powder (DSGP) was used as a reinforcement material for Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy resin (GFRE) composite. Specifically, the DSGP was prepared and added to Glass fibre reinforced Epoxy composite using the hand lay-up method. The DSGP reinforced GFRE was produced in different weight ratios of 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 % wt. The mechanical properties of the developed specimens of the DSGP reinforced GFRE composite were investigated using the universal INSTRON tensile machine, flexural testing equipment, Izod impact testing machine (ASTM D256 standard) and Rockwell Hardness testing machine for hardness test. Results of the tests showed maximum values of tensile strength, flexural strength and Hardness Number as 271 MPa, 241 MPa and 97 HRB for the 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10 % wt. GDS samples respectively. Energy absorption capacity (U in Joules) of the samples were also determined. From the results obtained, the best variation of the reinforcement of Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy with Date seed granules is the GFR-40 % wt. GDS composition. This study therefore proves that Glass fibre Date seed reinforced composites are good alternatives to Glass fibre composites, since they gave higher mechanical properties at lower cost.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO
Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Table of content vii-viii
List of Tables ix
List of figures x
Abstract xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives 2
1.4 Justification 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Date fruit 4
2.1.1 Description and Use 4
2.2 Flexural, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of date palm fibres reinforced epoxy composites 5
2.3 Eco-friendly date-seed nanofillers for polyethylene terephthalate composite reinforcement
2.4 Date palm seed as suitable filler material in glass–epoxy composites 6
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials 8
3.1.1 Date Seed Extraction and Preparation 8
3.1.2 Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Preparation 9
3.1.3 Material Preparation 9
3.1.4 Percentage Composition Analysis 9
3.2 Methods 11
3.2.1 Lignocellulose Characterization of the Date Seed Powder 11
3.2.2 Composite Manufacturing Method 13
3.2.3 Experimental Procedure for manufacturing the Laminate 13
3.2.4 Reinforcement of Glass fibre 15
3.2.5 Specimen Preparation 15
3.4 Mechanical Tests 16
3.4.1 Tensile Test 16
3.4.3 Bending Test 17
3.4.4 Impact Test 18
3.4.5 Hardness Test 19
3.5 Physical characterization 20
3.5.1 Bulk density 20
3.5.2 Particle density 21
3.5.3 Total porosity 21
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results 22
4.2 Discussion 22
4.2.1 Tensile Test Result 22
4.2.2 Flexural Test Result 24
4.2.3 Impact Test Result 25
4.2.4 Hardness Test Result 29
4.3 Physical characterization 31
4.3.1 Bulk density 31
4.3.2 Particle density 32
4.4 Results 32
4.4.1 Physical characterization 32
4.4.2 Particle size distribution 33
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 34
5.1.1 Contributions To Knowledge 34
5.1.2 Recommendations 35
References 36
LIST OF TABLES
3.1: Weight Variation of each Test Piece 10
4.1: Tensile Strength Result 22
4.2: Bending test Analysis 23
4.4a: indentation values (mm) 29
4.3b: The Hardness test Result of the various Specimens 30
LIST OF FIGURES
3.2a: The final preparation of the Glass fibre reinforced Epoxy resin composite specimen for mechanical test 16
3.8: The Instron Universal testing machine (for compressive and tensile test) 17
3.9: Experimental setup of the flexural bending test 18
3.10: The Izod impact testing machine 19
3.11: The Hardness testing machine 20
4.2: Comparative Tensile strengths of the different compositions 23
4.3: Comparative Flexural strengths of the different compositions 24
4.4a: Comparative impact strengths of the different compositions 27
4.4c: Energy Absorption capacity of the different compositions 28
4.5: Comparative Hardness values of the specimen 31
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Glass fiber reinforced Epoxy (GFR-E) have been proposed for various manufacturing technology and are widely used for various applications. GFR-E is characterized by having excellent properties like light weight, high strength and specific stiffness–weight ratios. These properties are important and makes them attractive for automotive and aerospace applications (Lopez F. A. et al., 2012). Moreover, GFR-E has an optimal property that make them a suitable material for other products and other different applications in industry (Basavarajaa S. et al, 2009)
There are very many situations in engineering where no single material will be suitable to meet a particular design requirement. However, two materials in combination may possess a feasible solution to the materials selection problem. A typical composite material is a system of materials comprising of two or more materials mixed and bonded together. For example, concrete is made up of cement, sand, stones and water. If the composition occurs on a microscopic scale (molecular level)(Karnaniet. al 1997), the new material is called an alloy for metals or a polymer for plastics. Types of composites are fiber reinforced composites, metal matrix composites, polymer matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites.
Generally, a composite material is composed of reinforcements. These reinforcements are generally classified into two; synthetic and natural. Synthetic reinforcements include glass, carbon and aramid fibers. Mass production of glass strands was discovered in 1932 when James Slayter, a researcher at Owens-Illinois accidentally directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers (Mohd et. al, 2007).
Natural fibre-reinforced composites have been increasingly utilized in quite widespread applications. Natural fibres are obtained from different parts of the plants, to name a few, for example jute, flax, kenaf, coconut, hemp, ukam, sisal, banana, pineapple fibres from the leaf; cotton and kapok from seed; coir and coconut from the fruit.
The Date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are one of the oldest plants cultivated, from the earliest records of PredynasticEgypt. Cultivation of Date palms in Egypt goes back thousands of years (Al-Khayri J. et al. 2015). The Date seed is found as a waste of a bio-mass due to the existing high amount of plant, so its use is considered as an economical value filler. Composites filled with Date seed (DS) are the proposed materials; these are low weight, and easy in manufacturing (Ibrahem R. A. 2015). Due to the rising realization about environmental impact and new regulations, considerable work has been done for replacing polluting and hazard fillers with those derived from bio-sources such as eggshells (Iyer K. and Torkelson J. 2014).
In this study, Date-seed granulated powder (DSGP) will be used as a filler reinforcement material for Glass fibre reinforced Epoxy (GFR-E) composite, since it is non-brittle application of this material will solve a great problem.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Engineering materials selection poses a great influence in the operational life and effectiveness of structures and machine components. Locally sourcing of engineering materials that will stand the test of time when compared to synthetic materials is a growing interest. These engineering materials must possess mechanical properties that will make them compete favorably with the underlying environmental and operating conditions. It is proven that ceramics has high strength and hardness with a very low percentage of ductility, and other mechanical properties, but with the production of DS reinforced fibre glass, the ductility percentage is highly increased.
In this study, the effect of date seed particles on the mechanical properties of Glassfibre reinforced Epoxy (GFR-E) composite will be investigated to see how it solves the above underlying problems.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
The aim of this work is to determine the effect of date seed particles on mechanical properties of Glass fibre reinforced Epoxy composite
Specific objective include:
1. To determine the optimal rate of fibre Glass to powdered Date seed mixture in terms of strength/hardness, toughness, ductility etc.
2. To determine comparative mechanical properties of the materials.
3.To produce reinforced Glass fibre with powdered Date seed into kitchen utensils (cups, plate)
1.4 Justification
The application of natural materials as polymer fillers has increased optional productions due to their good price, mechanical properties, availability and a relationship to the environment and prioritization of renewable resources. There is a growing demand for renewable alternatives for organic fillers. Such fillers offer major advantages such as low density, cost reduction, and mechanical wear during processing. Hence, the need to determine if Date seed granules can enhance the mechanical properties of Glass fibre reinforced composite.
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