ABSTRACT
Durability is used for quantifying
the quality of briquette as the ratio of the unbroken weight to initial weight
of briquette. This equally measure the durability of briquette under impact
load during transportation and handling. A durability machine was developed and
has dimension of 300mm×(25×25×3mm)×450mm.It was powered by electric motor of
size 0.93hp.The results show that briquette formed from moringa stover has
durability of 50%,63.4% and 79% from treatment T1 (100g ) , T2 ( 200g ) And
T3(300g) respectively with corresponding unit density of (0.126kg/m3,0.130kg/m3
and 0.194kg/m3).Castor stover
has durability of 63.4%,73.3% and79,7%
from treatment T1 ( 100g ) , T2 (200g ) And T3(300g) respectively and
unit density of 0.162kg/m3,0.167kg/m3and 0.193kg/m3).sorghum
stover has durability of (73.3%,79% and 87.4%) from treatment T1(100g),
T2(200g) And T3(300g) and unit density
of 0.316kg/m3,0.273kg/m3and 0.262kg/m3.the testing duration 3min and rotational speed
40rpm. . The durability test shows that sorghum stover has the highest
durability compares to moringa stover and castor stover
TABLE
OF CONTENT
Tittle page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Content vi
List of Figure vii
List of Table viii
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Preambles 1
1.2
Statement of the Problems 2
1.3
Durability Characteristics 2
1.4
Objectives 3
1.5
Justification 3
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Definition of Durability 4
2.2
Durability measurement and equipment 4
2.2.1
Tumbler tester 4
2.2.2
Dural tester 6
2.2.3
Lingo tester 7
2.2.4
Holmen tester 8
2.2.5
Drop tester 9
2.3
Durability tester 10
2.3.1
Briquette durability test 11
2.3.2
Pellet durability test 11
2.3.3
Durability test of cubes 12
2.4
Factors affecting durability of briquette 13
2.4.1
Effects of feed constituent on durability of briquette 13
2.4.2
Effect on moisture content on durability of briquette 14
2.4.3
Effect of particle size on durability of briquette 15
2.4.4
Effect of steam conditioning/preheating on durability of briquette 15
2.4.5
Effects of binders/addictives on durability of briquette 15
CHAPTER
THREEE: MATERIAL AND METHOLOGY
3.1 Material 16
3.2 Description of durability testing machine 16
3.3 Component part of the machine 16
3.3.1 Frame 16
3.3.2 Durability box 17
3.3.3 Pulley and belt 17
3.3.4 Bearing 17
3.3.5 Shaft 17
3.3.6 Key 17
3.3.7 Electric motor 18
3.4 Design consideration 18
3.4.1 Portability 18
3.4.2 Cost of production 18
3.4.3 Area/volume 18
3.5 Assembly of the construction 19
3.6 Design calculation 19
3.6.1 Determination of power transmitted shaft 19
3.6.2 Pulley design 20
3.6.3 Belt design 21
3.7 Performance evaluation 22
3.7.1 Experimental design 22
3.7.2 Experimental instrument 22
3.7.3 Experimental material 22
3.7.4 Experimental procedure 23
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result 26
4.1.1 Durability and unit
density of moringa ground 26
4.1.2 Durability and unit density of castor ground 27
4.1.3 Durability and unit density of sorghum ground 28
4.2 Discussion 29
CHAPTER
FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 35
5.2 Recommendation 36
Reference 37
Appendix 39
LIST
OF FIGURE
Figure
2.1 Holmen pellet tester 9
Figure
4.1 Durability line for moringa
briquette 33
Figure
4.1.1 Unit density of moringa briquette 33
Figure
4.2 Durability line for castor briquette 35
Figure
4.2.1 Unit density of castor briquette 35
Figure
4.3 Durability line for sorghum
briquette 37
Figure
4.3.1 Unit density of sorghum briquette 37
LIST
OF TABLE
Table
3.1 Cost Analysis 25
Table
4.1.1 Durability of moringa briquette produced from different treatment of
moringa ground. 26
Table
4.1.2 Durability of castor briquette produced from different treatment of
castor ground. 27
Table
4.1.3 Durability of sorghum briquette produced from different treatment of
sorghum ground. 28
LIST OF PLATE
Plate
1 Tumbler tester for durability testing
machine 6
Plate
2 Dural tester for durability testing
machine 7
Plate
3 Dural tester for durability testing
machine 7
Plate
4 Durability testing machine 24
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Preamble
Durability
is the assurance or probability that an equipment, machine or material will
have a relative long continuous useful life, without requiring an inordinate
degree of maintenance. It is the ability to undergo permanent deformation
without cracking or fracturing.
Durability
testing is performance testing equipment used to determine the characteristics
of a system under various load condition over time. This testing help us to
identify the stability of a transaction response times over the duration of the
test.
The
importance of durability is to know the shell life of an equipment or
agricultural material like the other dimension of quality, it is easier to plan
durability into a product design and manufacture process that it is alter the
finished product. There are many ways to increase a product durability, you can
increase it’s by using durable part an modules in your product. Another way to
increase durability is to use redundancy redundant part can vastly increase
durability, however it will increase the product weight and cost as well. And
finally another way to increase durability is to design a product or equipment
for the most demanding user, that way to the average user the products appear
to be very durable (Tomas foster 2001).
When designing a product and its
durability, you should design with your product base, user base, manufacturing
base and value base in mind. Difference product bases require different levels
of durability. The difference can be seen in an equipment, vehincles e.g (the
two types of ford vehicles, the crown Victoria which is a law enforcement
vehicle and the focus which is an economic car both vehicles are design from
the ground up to be different types of cars with the different levels of
durability. Another example is a non
durable product is the common light bulb. Light bulbs are design to last about
a year or less and the slightest power surge or vibration can break their
filament , rendering them useless. It would be nearly impossible to increase
the durability of finished light bulb. However if you design light bulb for
extended life and use a quality manufacturing process, you can drastically
increase the durability of the light bulb (Hall, 2001).
1.2 Statement of The Problem
Agricultural
material during processing of briquette or pellet is one of the most
environment problems in developing countries. The unavailability of equipment
to test the durability of briquette/pellets produce from biomass cannot be over
emphasized, hence there is need to develop a machine to solve these challenges.
However the decreasing life span of agricultural material draw the attention to
the need to consider an equipment which will determine the span of a material.
1.3
Durability
Characteristics
Durability characteristics are stated
below:
i.
Dust resistance.
ii.
It will free from fire resistance.
iii.
Radiation hardening.
iv.
Thermal resistance.
v.
Rot proofing.
vi.
Rust proofing.
vii.
Toughness.
viii.
Water proofing.
ix.
Ability to withstand wear, pressure or
damage.
1.4
Objectives
of the Project
The main aim of this project is
to develop a machine that can be used to determine the durability of briquette
produced from agricultural materials.
The objectives of this project work are
to;
i.
Design and fabrication of durability testing
machine
ii carry out performance evaluation of durability
testing machine
1.5 Justification
The
development and performance evaluation of a durability testing machine will go
a long way
i.
to assist producer of briquette to
determine the ability of the briquette produce to impact load
ii.
to
enhance the increase in production of biomass.
to generate revenue
from researches who engage the equipment for determination of the durability of
briquette.
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