COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEDATIVE AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECT OF RAUWOLFIA VOMITORIA AFZEL AND DIAZEPAM ON WHITE ALBINO RATS

ABSTRACT

Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal herb which has been used over the years for the treatment of various diseases including hypertension, insomnia, mental disorder and high blood pressure. A comparative study of sedative and biochemical effect of R. vomitoria and diazepam on the white albino rats. 25 adult male white rats weighing between 220 mg and 250 mg were used for this study. They were divided into five groups A, B, C, D and E of five rats each. Group B, C and D where the experimental rates while group A and E are the controls. Oral dose of 200 mg, 300 mg and 400 mg of R. vomitoria extract was administered to the rats in group B, C and D respectively while group A receive Diazepam 3mg/kg, and group E normal. The sedative test where carried out using Tunnel walk, method, backward reversal test and thiopenton induced sleeping time. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in tunnel walk time among the R. vomitoria groups with ‘D’ having the highest increase. The thiopenton sleeping time shows a reduction in time of sleep in Group B, C and D when compared to the controls. The various biochemical test carried out shows no negative effect on the liver and kidney function. This study suggest that rauwolfia vomitoria is safe when use as a sedative.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                  i

Certification                                                                                             ii

Dedication                                                                                                iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                  iv

Table of contents                                                                                      v

List of tables                                                                                             x

List of figures                                                                                           xi

Abstract                                                                                                    xii

CHAPTER ONE

1.1. Introduction                                                                                       1         

1.2 Aim of the Study                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         2

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                                       

2.0. Back Ground of Study                                                                      3

2.1 Description and Ecology                                                                    3

2.1.2 Phytochemicals                                                                               4

2.1.3 Pharmacological Importance                                                           6

2.1.4 Health Benefit                                                                                 6

2.1.4 Economic Benefit                                                                            7

2.1.5 Sedative Effect of Rauwolfia Vomitoria                                         8

2.1.5.1 Mechanism of Action                                                                  8

2.2.0. Sedatives                                                                                        11

2.2.1 History of Sedatives                                                                        11

2.2.2 Mechanism of Actions of Sedatives                                                12

2.2.3. Diazepam                                                                                        12

2.2.4. Pharmacology of Diazepam                                                           13

2.2.5. Mechanism of Action                                                                     13

2.2.6. Therapeutic Use                                                                             14

2.3     Thiopental                                                                                      14

2.3.1. Pharmacology                                                                                 15

2.3.2. Mechanism of Action                                                                     15

2.3.3. Therapeutic Use                                                                             15

2.3.4. Psychiatry                                                                                       15     

2.3.5. Status Epileptics                                                                             15

2.3.6. Medically Induced Coma                                                               16

2.3.7. Sedative Activity                                                                            16

2.3.8. Control of Convulsion                                                                   16

CHAPTER THREE

3.1    Materials and Methods                                                                              17     

3.1.1 Equipments                                                                                               17

3.1.2. Reagents                                                                                                   17

3.1.3. Plant Collection and Identification                                                          18

3.1.4. Preparation of the Plant Extract                                                               18

3.1.5. Experimental Animals                                        18

3.2.1. Oral Acute Toxicity Study                                  19     

3.2.2. Tunnel Work                                                       19

3.2.3. Backward Reverse Activity                                19

3.2.4. Thiopenton induced sleeping time                               20

3. 3. Biochemical Test                                                20

3. 3.1 Blood Glucose Level                                         21

3.3.2 Statistical Analysis                                                                                    21

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  Results                                                                                                         22

4.1 Sedative Test                                                                                                22

4.1.1. Tunnel Work                                                                                            22

4.1.3 Backward Reverse Test                                                                                                            22     

4.1.4 Thiopenton Induced Sleeping Time                                                                                        23

4.2 Biochemical Analysis                                                                                                      23

CHAPETR FIVE

5.1 Discussion                                                                                                    27

5.2 Conclusion / Recommendation                                                                    28

5.2 Recommendation                                                                                            29

References

Appendix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Summary of major alkaloids and their bioactivities isolated from the root Of Rauwolfia vomitoria                           10

Table 2.2 mean (± sem) of thiopenton induction and sleeping time.            24

Table 2.3: mean (± sem) of different biochemical parameters of white albino rats treated with rauwolfia vomitoria.               25

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1: Diagram of rauwolfia vomitoria afzel (apocynecae)                                   4

Fig 2: Structure of Diazepam                                                                             12

Fig 3: Structure of Thiopental                                                                            14

CHAPTER ONE

 1.1. INTRODUCTION

The progressive increase in world population poses huge challenges to satisfy the need for food, health, care, shelter and cloth. There is a rise in demand for medicine, as millions of people are suffering from various types of disease worldwide. There are several pharmaceutical formulations available commercially for the treatment of disorders but they are costly, not effective and show numerous toxic effects and adverts effects sometimes lead to death.

Therefore, there is an urgent need for us to use alternative naturally available medications or herbal remedies which have little or no side effects over 80% of world population are dependent on herbal medicine for its therapeutic effects and more than 800 plant species shows hypoglycemic and sedative activity (Kaniboj, 2009).

In Nigeria and other West African countries various indigenes plants are used to cure disease as nature has provided a perfect store house of remedies to cure all elements of humanity (Tiwari,2008).

One of the medically important plant used for the purposes of obtaining therapeutic effect is rauwolfia vomitorial afzel.

R. vomotoria is a common herb used traditionally in the management of psychiatric patients in Nigeria (Akpanabiatu et al., 2006). The plant shows the presence of various chemical substances such as alkaloids, hydrogen, carbon, rsinstaninins, yohibin, Amaline, isoeserpidin, Reserpine Rescinnamine (Okpako, 1991) that are responsible for the treatment of various disease (Huxj, et al., 2008) . The medicinal uses of the root are extensive particularly for their  sedative, purgative and insecticidal properties (Jacskke H. et al., 2002) The bioactive carboline alkaloid reserpine, present in the root of  R. Vomitoria  have a sedative effect, Antipsychotic, anti-hypertension, anti-depression, anti-cancer (Melurga;  2013). The alkaloids of R. vomitoria are used mainly as anti-hypertensive agent and sedatives. The roots (Eluwa, et al., 2009) while the Anti-hypertension has been demonstrated (Smart, et al., 1995)

The kidney is an essential organ in vertebrates their main function is to regulate the balance of electrolytes in the blood, along with maintaining pH, they also remove excess organic molecules from the blood, maintenance of acid-base balance and fluid balance. The kidney is an important excretory rout for drugs and drug metabolites which exposes it the toxic products by the drugs. Drug cause approximately 20% of community and hospital acquired episodes of acute kidney failure (Bellomor et al., 2005). Therefore the need for a comparative study of the sedative biochemical effect of R. vomitoria and diazepam on the kidney.

1.2 Aim of the Study

This study was aimed at comparing the effect of diazepam (orthodox sedative d) and R. vomitoria afzel on the kidney function of white albino rats.

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