ABSTRACT
This study considered comparative study of
different methods of curing on compressive strength of concrete using palm
kenel shell. Concrete cube specimens of mix 1:1:2 were prepared with
water-cement ratio of 0.55. The cubes were cured using four methods (Ponding
curing, Sprinkling curing, Wet-curing (Saw dust) and Open-Air curing) for
testing ages of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days when their compressive strengths were
determined. The results showed that Ponding curing method has the highest
compressive strength at 28days curing of 17.07N/mm2, followed by
Sprinkling curing of 15.78N/mm2. Wet-curing method has compressive
strength of 14.48N/mm2 and Open-air curing has compressive strength
of 13.11N/mm2. This shows that there is significant difference in
the curing methods.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Content v
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Statement 3
1.2 Aim of the stud 3
1.3 Objectives of the study 3
1.4 Justification of the Study 3
1.5 Scope 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Palm Kernel Shell 6
2.2 Species of Palm Kernel Shell 7
2.3 Make-up
of Palm Kernel Shell 9
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Material
used 11
3.1.1
Cement 11
3.1.2
Water 11
3.1.3
Fine aggregate 12
3.2 Methods
curing 12
3.1.1
Ponding Curing 12
3.1.2
Sprinkling Curing 13
3.1.3
Wet-covering curing 14
3.1.4
Totally uncured (Open-air curing) 15
3.3 Mix
design of concrete 16
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
and Discussion 17
4.1 Particle
Size Distribution 17
4.2 Water Absorption 19
4.3 Specific
Gravity 20
4.4 Slump
test 21
4.5 Compressive strength 22
4.6 Statistical Analysis of Compressive Strength 33
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion 34
5.1 Recommendation 34
References 35
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Particle size distribution of fine
aggregate 17
Table 4.2 Particle size distribution of Palm Kernel
Shell 18
Table 4.3 Physical Properties of Aggregates 20
Table 4.4 Compressive Strength of PKS at 7days 22
Table 4.5 Compressive Strength of PKS at 14days 23
Table 4.6 Compressive Strength of PKS at 21days 24
Table 4.7 Compressive Strength of PKS at 28days 25
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Layers of palm kernel fruits 7
Figure 2.2 Palm Kernel 8
Figure 2.3 Palm kernel nuts 9
Figure 4.1 Graph of particle size distribution of fine aggregate 18
Figure 4.2 Graph of particle size distribution of PKS 19
Figure 4.3 Graph of compressive strength at 7days curing 22
Figure 4.4 Graph of compressive strength at 14days curing 23
Figure 4.5 Graph of compressive strength at 21days curing 24
Figure 4.6 Graph of compressive strength at 21days curing 25
LIST
OF PLATES
Plate 1 Ponding curing method 13
Plate 2 Sprinkling curing method 14
Plate 3 Wet-covering curing (saw dust) 15
Plate 4 Open-Air curing 15
Plate 5 Specific gravity test 20
Plate 6 Slump test 21
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
To cure Concrete is to provide concrete
with adequate moisture and temperature to foster cement hydration for a period
of time. Proper curing of concrete is crucial to obtaining design strength and
maximum durability, especially for concrete exposed to extreme environmental
conditions at an early age (James et al.,
2002). (Teo et al., 2006) defined
curing as the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from
concrete during
cement hydration. High curing temperature (up to 212ºF or
100ºC) generally accelerates cement hydration and concrete strength gain at
early age. Curing temperature below 50ºF (10ºC) are not desirable for early age
strength development. When the curing temperature is below 14ºF (-10ºC) the
cement hydration process may cease. Concrete needs to be kept for a longer time
in formwork when cast in cold weather condition (ACI Committee 308, 2000).
On the whole, the strength of concrete,
its durability and other physical properties are affected by curing and
application of the various types as it relates to the prevailing weather
condition in a particular locality, as curing is only one of many requirements
for concrete production, it is important to study the curing method of palm
kernel shell concrete which best adapts to each individual casting process.
The construction industry relies
heavily on conventional materials which include cement, crushed rock aggregate
and sand or quarry dust for the production of concrete. In the United Kingdom
alone, almost 146 million tonnes of sand, gravel and crushed rock aggregates
were reportedly mined for construction in 2011 (Department for Communities and
Local Government, 2013).
In the light of the above, large
quantities of cracked palm kernel shells (PKS) are therefore generated by the
producers. Palm kernel shells are obtained after extraction of the palm oil,
the nuts are broken and the kernels are removed with the shells mostly left as
waste. Palm kernel shells are hard stony endocarps that surround the kernel and
the shells come in different shapes and sizes (Alangaram et al., 2008). These shells are mainly of two types the “Dura” and
“Tenera”. The Tenera is a hybrid which has specially been developed to yield
high oil content and it has a thin shell thickness compared to Dura type (Dagwa
and Ibhadode, 2008). The use of materials such as rice husk, bagasse, palm
kernel shell powder, etc. as fillers and/ or reinforcement agents in polymers
and composite materials manufacture
such as in brake pads have been reported
by several authors (Aigbodion et al.,
2010).
Natural sand and crushed gravels have
been used for many years as aggregates for concrete production due to their
availability across the country. However, the high demand for normal weight
concrete for construction continues to drastically reduce the natural stone
deposits and consequently damage the environment. The introduction of artificial
and natural lightweight aggregates (LWA) to replace conventional aggregates for
the production of concrete in many developed countries, has brought immense
benefits in the development of infrastructure, especially, high rise structures
using lightweight concrete (Mahmud et al.,
2009).
The high cost of building materials in the
developing countries of the world can be reduced to a minimum by the use of
alternative materials that are cheap, locally available in most countries and
which bring about a reduction in the overall dead weight of the building. Some
industrial and agricultural bye-products that have little or no economic
benefit could gainfully be used as building materials.
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Many problems are associated with concrete
with inadequate curing practices. Typically, the most common curing-related
distress of concrete is plastic shrinkage cracking. Fresh concrete exposed to
hot, windy and arid environment are most easily to show such kind of distress
at the surface area. Particularly, when
the moisture evaporation rate at the top surface of concrete exceeds the rate
at which the moisture is supplied through the concrete bleeding process (the
process where excessive mixing water are forced to go upward due to the
settlement of aggregate and cement particles), plastic shrinkage cracking is
easily formed from the failure to resist the stresses induced by the volumetric
contraction of concrete due to moisture loss before enough strength has been
developed.
1.2 AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of this research work is to carry
out a comparative study on the compressive strength of palm kernel shell
concrete using different curing methods
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The specific objectives of this research
work are:
1. To
determine the workability of fresh concrete made from palm kernel shell.
2. To
determine the physical properties of concrete produce with palm kernel shell
using four (4) different curing methods.
3. To
carry out statistical analysis on the results of compressive strength of
concrete
from
the four (4) different types of curing methods for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
This research will help to discover how
curing types affect the compressive strengths of palm kernel shell concrete.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The
scope of this research work is limited to the comparative study of the
compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete using four (4) different
curing methods
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