ABSTRACT
This research embodies analysis of using Crushed Palm Kernel Shells (CPKS) as partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. The research is aimed at determining the relevant concrete properties and to reduce the weight of concrete in high rising structures that fall in normal concrete envelope. Various percentages replacement of fine aggregates of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, respectively of CPKS concrete were tested for 1:3:6, 1:2:4 and 1:1
:3
concrete mix ratios. Concrete samples with no CPKS (0% replacement) served as the control experiment. The batching was by weight. Palm kennel Shells were crushed to river size of 4.75mm (No 4) sieve and then incorporated into the concrete. Ninety-six (96) concrete cubes of each concrete mix ratios, measuring 150mm x 150mm x 150mm, were tested for the compressive strength at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. The research revealed that the CPKS acted as a retarder in the concrete because of its nature of consolidation. Water cement ratio increased with the increase in the percentage of the CPKS. The nominal mixes of 1:3:6, 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 at 28 days curing with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% partial replacement of fine aggregate yielded average compressive strengths in N/mm2 of 20.88, 20.21, 19.35, 18.36, 17.32, 16.49; 25.08, 24.41, 23.47, 22.65, 21.28, 20.25 and 26.93, 26.42, 25.51, 24.42, 23.76, 22.69 respectively.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table
of Content vi
List
of Tables ix
List
of Figures x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study 1
1.2 Statement
of Problem 3
1.3 Aims
and Objectives 3
1.4 Scope
of Study 4
1.5 Significance
of Study 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Definition 5
2.2 Cement 6
2.2.1 Ordinary Portland Cement (O.P.C) 7
2.2.2 Modified Portland Cements (M.P.C) 7
2.2.3
High-Alumina Cement (H.A.C) 7
2.3 Aggregates 8
2.3.1 Fine aggregates 8
2.3.2
Coarse aggregates 9
2.4 Water 9
2.5 Concrete 10
2.6 Properties of Concrete 10
2.7 Quality Control 11
2.8 Concrete Mix Design 11
2.8.1 Method
of mix design of concrete 12
2.8.1.1
Road note No.4 method 12
2.8.1.2 Doe method of concrete design 12
2.8.1.3 Mix design for pump able concrete 12
2.8.1.4 Rapid method 13
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Cement Used 14
3.2 Aggregate Used 15
3.2.1 Fine
aggregate 15
3.2.2
Coarse aggregate 15
3.3 Water Used 15
3.4 Palm Kernel Shell Used 15
3.5 Experimental
Work 15
3.5.1 Workability
test 15
3.6 Cost
Estimation 16
3.7 Equipment
Used 16
3.8 Sample
Collection 18
3.9
Material Characteristics and
Classification 18
3.10
Method and Experimental Procedures 18
3.10.1
Specific gravity test 18
3.10.2 Aggregate impact test 18
3.10.3 Particle size distribution test 20
3.10.4 Concrete cubes 20
3.10.5 Slump test 21
3.10.6 Compressive strength of concrete test 22
3.10.7 Concrete
cubes 22
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result
of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Aggregates 23
4.1.1 Result
of compressive strength 23
4.2 Discussions 24
4.2.1 Effect
of percentage replacement of fine aggregates (sand) with
crushed palm kernel shells (CPKS) 24
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendations 32
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST
OF TABLES
3.1: British Soil Classification System 17
3.2: Showing
Properties of Aggregates and Cement 22
3.3: Classification
of Aggregate based on Aggregate impact value 19
4.1: Physical
and Mechanical properties of aggregates 23
4.2: Slump
Test Results 25
4.3: Variation
of Unit Weight of Hardened Concrete (average) 26
LIST OF FIGURES
3.1: British
Soil Classification System 16
3.2:
Compressive Test Specimen 22
4.1:
Unit weight(KN/m3)with
CPKS as partial replacement
for
fine aggregate for mix 1:3:6, 1:2:4 and 1:1
:3
26
4.2:
Unit weight (KN/m3)
with CPKS as partial replacement
for
fine aggregate for mix 1:3:6 27
4.3:
Unit weight (KN/m3)
with CPKS as partial replacement
for
fine aggregate for mix 1:2:4 27
4.4: Unit weight (KN/m3) with CPKS as partial
replacement
for fine aggregate for mix 1:1:3 28
4.5: Slump (mm) with
CPKS as partial replacement for
fine aggregate for mix 1:3:6 28
4.6: Slump (mm) with
CPKS as partial replacement for
fine aggregate for mix 1:2:4 29
4.7: Slump (mm) with CPKS as partial replacement
for fine
aggregate for mix 1:1:3 29
4.8: Slump (mm) with CPKS as partial replacement
for fine
aggregate for mix 1:3:6, 1:2:4 and 1:1:3 30
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Before
now, series of arguments have been made about suitability of in-situ power of
concrete by all stakeholders; clients, contractors and consultants. Laboratory
dice test may not be consistent enough to stop the disagreement. There are no
standard correlation curves for concrete compressive strength, suitability and
effectiveness of crushed palm kernel shell (CPKS) as half additional of fine
aggregate in concrete properties in the building construction codes.
In earlier years,
the Romans established the durability of lightweight concrete by using natural
aggregates from volcanic deposits. After the advancement of Portland cement in
the early 1800s, it took the discovery and development of manufactured lightweight
aggregates in the early 1990s to bring structural lightweight concrete to full
maturity. The focal ordinary lightweight aggregates are diatomite, pumice,
volcanic cinders (Neville and Brooks, 2008).
The effect of
Burnt and Crushed Cow Bones (BCCB) as half additional for sand in concrete was
investigated (Ogarekpe et al., 2017).
The investigation exposed that the BCCB operated as a retarder in the concrete.
Water cement ratio increased with the rise in the percentage of the BCCB
resulting in the reduction of the workability of concrete.
The
percentages of replacement of fine aggregates were 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and
50%, correspondingly of BCCB in consideration of 1:2:4 and 1:1:3 concrete mix relations which produced
average compressive strengths in N/mm2 stretching from 16.49-24.29
and 18.71-29.73, respectively. This indicates that the compressive strength of
concrete (CSC) reduces as % BCCB increases. The compressive strength generally
increases with increase in age of curing.
A
comparison of the compressive strengths for concrete mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:1:3 showed that the later mix ratio yielded
higher compressive strengths. The minimum and maximum CSC at 50% BCCB content
for 1:2:4 concrete mix ratios at 28days curing age were 15.67N/mm2 and 17.67N/mm2
respectively. Similarly, the minimum and maximum CSC at 50% BCCB content for 1:1:3 concrete combination relations at 28days
curing age were 17.78 N/mm2 and 19.29N/mm2 respectively. Further mix ratios of
1:2:4 and 1:1:3 at 28days curing age, was observed that
increase in the BCCB content beyond 40 and 50%, respectively resulted to the
reduction of the average compressive strength below 17N/mm2, which is the
recommended minimum strength for use of concrete in structural works (Ogarekpe et al., 2017).
Mohammed
et al. (2014) experimented on CPKS as
half additional of sand in asphalt concrete. He observed that sand is heavier
than the CPKS. The grain size circulation arcs for the sand and CPKS
distinguishing arcs are usual of those of identical sands and are verified by
their equality constants of 2.08 and 2.0 for sand and CPKS respectively. The
plot of the Marshall stability against the mix proportions indicate that as the
percentage replacement of the fine (sand) increases, the stability value decreases.
This is expected since the replacement of the sand with CPCS is expected to
have an overall reducing effect on the density of the asphaltic concrete. The
initial study presented that additional of sand with CPKS is capable of
informing definitely on some properties of asphaltic concrete.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM
There
is the need to assess the potential and structural performance of using CPKS
that can be seen as water in developing economies as partial replacement for
fine aggregate in concrete properties
as:
v Concrete
is expensive and therefore, there is need to explore low-cost options. Also,
there is the need for the conversion of waste-to-wealth, hence, resulting to a
fresh and green location with minimal waste.
v Use
of CPKS helps in creating voids, hence curing the concrete ta lightweight and
pervious materials for special concrete.
1.3 AIM
AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of this study is to characterize and estimate the cost of using crushed
palm kernel shells in a building construction.
The
specific research objectives of the study are to:
i.
Characterize CPKS as a supplementary of
fine (sand) aggregate for mortar and concrete properties.
ii.
Determine the optimum quantity of CPKS in
a given concrete mix.
iii.
To assess the mechanical properties of
CPKS in both fresh and hardened state.
iv.
To ascertain the durability of concrete
produced with CPKS.
v.
To figure out the cost saving estimate of
using CPKS to replace part of sand in building construction.
1.4 SCOPE
OF STUDY
The
research is centered on the determination of the suitability and effectiveness
of CPKS as partial replacement of fine (sand) aggregate in concrete and cost
estimate of how much to be saved when CPKS is used in substituting part of sand
in a building construction. The study also covers concrete of mixes 1:3:6,
1:2:4 and 1:1:3 sand
and CPKS of deferent percentages as half additional of sand. The experiments
were done in the concrete/strength of material laboratory (workshop 5) of civil
engineering department, Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), Calabar
Campus.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
OF STUDY
The
study is significant in understanding and predicting the strength, workability
and
characteristics of CPKS. It aims
at providing an insight into providing a substitute to the existing
conventional strength of concrete, it serve as reference document as regards to
the strength of concrete and provide a quicker means of excellence control of
concrete, thus saving time and money.
In
a developed republic like Nigeria, concrete structures are fast erupting;
therefore, the importance of this study cannot be overemphasized. The amount
that can be saved when CPKS is adopted to substitute part of sand in the
construction of buildings was also determined.
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