CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM POULTRY FARM

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus especially, is an important agent of food poisoning all over the world. It is the most important bacterial agent implicated in toxin production (toxin shock and staphylococcal scalded – skin syndromes), direct invasion and systemic disseminating (bacteraemia, septic shock syndrome, skin infections and abscesses. S. aureus is often found in biofilms formed on medical devices implanted in the body or on human tissue. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from only 34 samples of the 150 samples collected with a high 23 samples showing biofilm formation indicating that most of the strains were survivors form antibiotics treatment. The Staphylococcus aureus strains were found to be susceptible to the Streptomycin with 96.3% and 94.7% for Amoxil with treated number of isolates as 27 and 19 respectively. The strains were more resistant to Septrin with 84.6% and Ampiclox with 66.7% from 13 and 18 samples respectively. Levofloxacin also have notable antibiotics sensitivity to the Staphylococcus aureus strains with 90.0% from 20 samples while Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin have sensitivity of 84.6% and 84.0% with 26 and 25 samples tested respectively. Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol however, have a sensitivity of 72.7% from 33 samples for the former and 52.6% from 19 samples for the latter.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Bacterial organisms of the genus staphylococcus are one of the most prevalent pathogens in both humans and animals (Casey et al., 2007). It is a genus of Gram positive bacteria. Under the microscope, they appear round (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. (Ryan et al., 2004). The staphylococcus genus includes at least 40 species. Most are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms. I.e. members of the genus staphylococcus frequently colonize the skin and upper respiratory tracts of mammals and birds.

Staphylococcus aureus especially, is an important agent of food poisoning all over the world (Balaban and Rasooly, 2000). It is the most important bacterial agent implicated in toxin production (toxin shock and staphylococcal scalded – skin syndromes), direct invasion and systemic disseminating (bacteraemia, septic shock syndrome, skin infections and abscesses (Hatakka et al., 2000). Although it is found in water, dust and air. S. aureus primarily colonises the mucosa of nasopharynx and skin of humans and animal (Songer and Post, 2005). The bacterium is considered to be a normal flora of the chicken, isolated from the skin and feathers as well as in the respiratory and intestinal tracts (Casey et al., 2007). However, some of the common forms of S. aureus associated poultry infections include tenosynovitis (Butterworth, 1999), Omphalitis (Hill et al., 1989), femoral head necrosis, infected hock and stifle joints secondary to coccidiosis or vaccine reactions (McNamee and Smyth, 2000) and ‘‘bumble foot’’ (skeeles, 1997).

In Nigeria and many other parts of the developing world, chickens are extensively reared in close proximity to human dwellings and therefore play an important role in environmental contamination, in addition to serving as significant vehicles for the transfer of such pathogens to humans by way of handling of live birds or consumption of contaminated meat and poultry products.

Bacterial antimicrobial resistance is a global concern that has been aggravated by the fact that only few new antimicrobial agents come out from the pharmaceutical channels in recent rimes (Okonko et al., 2009). Selective increase in resistant bacteria has been reported to be as a result of widespread use of antibiotics in animal for growth promotion and preventions of colonization by pathogenic bacteria (Davies, 1994).

Even though poultry industry in Nigeria contributes substantially to the Nation’s Food Security and Groose Domestic Product (FAO, 2008), most of the flocks are reared by small scale farmers under limited or no veterinary supervision. In such production systems, antimicrobials are freely used as feed or water additives (Otalu et al., 2011). These practices can facilitate the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens among birds with possible transmission to humans.

1.2 AIM

The aim of this study is to characterize the S. aureus isolated form poultry farm

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1.     To isolate and identify S. aureus from poultry farm.

2.     To determine the antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus to different antibiotics.

3.     To determine the presence of biofilm formation from the isolates.

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