TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Scope and delimitations
1.6 Limitation.
1.7 Research questions
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Classification of maintenance of
buildings and infrastructures
2.1.1 Planned
maintenance
2.1.2 Unplanned
maintenance
2.2 Objectives of maintenance of buildings
and infrastructure on the economy
2.3 Functions of maintenance
2.3.1 Servicing
2.3.2 Rectification
2.3.3 Repairs.
2.3.4 Replacement
2.3.5 Renovation
2.4 The economic
and social significance of maintenance of buildings and infrastructural
facilities.
2.5 Maintenance
of infrastructural facilities
2.5.1 Highway maintenance
2.5.2 Bridge maintenance operation
2.5.3 Sign
maintenance
2.5.4 Rail failure and maintenance
2.6.1 Foundation failure:
2.7 Maintenance policy framework
2.7.1 Briefs
2.7.2 Design
2.7.3 Procurement
2.7.4 Construction
2.7.5 Commissioning
2.7.6 Operation
2.8 Execution of maintenance works
2.8.1 Direct labour organization (DLO)
2.8.2 Contracting-out system
2.8.3 Direct labour versus contracted out
maintenance.
2.9 Maintenance planning and programming
2.9.1 Objectives of planning
2.9.2 Planning of maintenance
2.10 maintenance programming
2.11 Administration
of maintenance programme
2.12 Maintenance manual
2.12.1 Contents of a maintenance manual
2.13 Maintenance cycle
2.14 Maintenance
budget
2.15 Maintenance Cost control or Budget control
2.16 Schedule of dilapidation
2.16.1 Interim schedule dilapidation
2.16.2 Terminal
schedule of dilapidation
2.17 Liability for
defects in buildings
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Design of the study
3.2 Area of the study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sampling method
3.5 Methods of data collection and analysis
3.6 Sources of
data
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF
DATA
4.1 Case study
4.2 Overview of the case study area
4.3 Brief history of the study area
4.4 Structure of Shell Camp Housing Estate
4.4.1
Case study one
4.4.2 Case Study
two (2)
4.4.3 Case Study
Three (3)
4.4.4 Case Study
Four (4)
4.4.5 Case Study
Five (5)
4.4.6 Case Study
six (6)
4.4.7 Case Study
Seven (7)
4.4.8 Case Study
Eight (8)
4.5 Data presentation and analysis
4.5.0 Presentation
of data
4.6 Discussions of findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of findings
5.2 conclusions
5.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
Over the years,
there has been increasing abandonment of building projects and infrastructural
facilities which has led to the dilapidation, degradation and deterioration of
these building structures within the Nigerian contemporary urban metropolis.
Recently there has been a lot of research
investigations and analysis of which points unshakeable to the fact that
certain features such as client’s perception, cost of maintenance works,
unskilled maintenance technicians, inflation rates, effect of taxation on
building owners, Government policies, inability to prepare and follow
maintenance schedules are direct causes of neglect which leads to dilapidations
and deterioration of building structures (onibokun 1997). There are also the
remote causes of lack maintenance such as force majeur, cultural problems,
state of the economy, the receding global economic meltdown, lack of time and
general illiteracy of the occupants of the building or structure and users of
the facilities.
However there has
also been growth in the significance of building maintenance as a proportion of
the output of the construction industry which takes place against a backdrop of
mounting pressure on new build activity and a growing awareness of the need to
manage the condition of the nation’s building and infrastructure more
effectively (chanter 2007).
Though, it is still
the case that such maintenance activity takes place in a context that does not
create a fully integrated approach to managing building performance and thus
the full potential of many buildings and infrastructures are never wholly realized.
Basically in virtually all the towns and city centers within
the Nigerian, buildings and infrastructural facilities are gradually and
systematically decaying, dilapidating and deteriorating with reduced or no
degree of maintenance programme and activity.
From a normal visual perception in the urban
metropolis, it can be noted that majority of the
(a)
constructed buildings both private and public
(b)
road network
(c)
water supply systems
(d)
sanitary and drainage systems
(e)
transmission poles and electricity lines
(f)
government owned telephone networks
(g)
telegraph and postal systems
(h)
sign post and route l0ocation posts are
deteriorated and badly in need of maintenance. The lack of maintenance of these
buildings and infrastructures negatively affects the populace which thus
affects the output of the working class, capacity of the populace is thus lost,
time value for achievement of goals and objectives minimized , it also causes
all forms
of ill-health and psychological effects
thereby reducing the economic growth of the nation.
1.2
Statement of the problem
All three spheres of
government, together with the state owned enterprise (SOEs), manage major
portfolios of immovable infrastructural assets. While there is much emphasis on
delivery of infrastructure, delivery does not in fact end with the commissioning
of the infrastructural asset. Once the infrastructure has been commissioned,
various activities must be carried out which are necessary to ensure that it
continues to perform- such as the allocation of necessary budgets and the
retention of appropriate staff to maintain the operation of the assets.
“Delivery” needs to be universally understood
as embracing not just constructing the infrastructure, but the appropriate
operation and maintenance thereafter for the whole design life of the
asset.
There are so many problems associated with the
maintenance of buildings and infrastructural facilities on the economy. One of
the serious problems if finance; government financing as regards to maintenance
of buildings (both public and private) is minimal. The grant towards
maintenance of infrastructural facilities is on its lowest ebb. Most buildings
and infrastructures have been neglected by subsequent tenures of government
while the private sectors; the individual property owners have little or
nothing to contribute towards effective maintenance of their buildings, so long
as the buildings affords the owner annual income he could not care less for the
maintenance and so long the interior of the building is conducive for the
occupants they could not care for outward appearance or other necessary
maintenance activity. Another problem to effective maintenance of the built
environment in Nigeria is corruption. Certain governments which have the
welfare of the populace at heart will foster a well finance programme to cater
for the maintenance of certain facilities such as road networks bore hole
systems, bridge construction, elevation of the power grid for alleviation of
suffering and eventual welfare of the populace but certain corrupted officials
will channel these funds for personal aggrandizement. Another serious
impediment to maintenance in Nigeria is the state of the economy, according to
the united research on profitability index as regards to income per capita of
nations of the world; Nigeria is rated as fifth poorest country (UN 2010),
which implies that the average Nigerian lives below one dollar per day. As a
result of this economic hardship residents and citizens has little or nothing
to contribute in terms of effective maintenance of their abode thus leading to neglected
effects visualized in our cities and metropolis.
Also certain buildings in Nigerian cities were
constructed during the pre-colonial era therefore most of these buildings are
aged due to wear and tear, weathering and climatic factors over the years thus
resulting in dilapidated nature which might not respond positively to modern
day maintenance day techniques, the reason for this assertion being 51% repair
– replacement strategy, such buildings, the cost of their repairs might equal
over 50% cost of new construction.
Buildings and infrastructural decay also stems
from poor workmanship and poor supervision (Amobi 2003), most of these defects
arises from the fact that the skill employed during the production of these
buildings are defective, the supervisory most at times is minimal or left in
the hands of unskilled foremen thus creating a chasm which will be filled by
unprofessional ethics thus resulting in failure in the life of the structure which will eventually
be translated to the overall life span of the building/structure.
This study aims to identify the shortcomings
which militate against the effective maintenance of buildings and
infrastructures. Therefore there is need for effective maintenance of all these
buildings and infrastructures and also identify the external factors militating
against effective maintenance of building and infrastructural facilities to
perform its functional requirement.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study
The aim of this research work is to discover
how maintenance of buildings and infrastructures can be effected, effectively
to help increase the workers output thus increasing labour efficiency and
increasing the income of the nation leading to increased income per capita of
the populace.
The objectives of
this research work are as follows:
(a)
Have a proper look at the level of maintenance
attention that buildings and infrastructures within Nigeria receive.
(b)
Now the current building and infrastructural
maintenance practice with a view to improve on them.
(c)
To pin-point the various difficulties and
problems that hamper the efficient execution of an effective maintenance
management on buildings and infrastructure in Nigeria.
(d)
To examine the causes that lead to the
deterioration and dilapidations of buildings and infrastructures.
(e)
To proffer solutions to the menace of lack of
maintenance of buildings and infrastructures within Nigeria.
In emphasis, this project will show the need
for proper maintenance schemes for buildings and infrastructures, that will
help reduce maintenance cost, minimize loss of use, improve safety conditions,
improve aesthetic values and improve appearance of buildings thereby reduces
the cases of collapse of structures and the inherent dangers to life and
investment.
1.4 Significance of the study
Maintenance of
buildings and the general infrastructures has not been given full recognition
as an activity of primary importance in Nigeria. Maintenance activities on
building and infrastructures in the country are mostly based on expediency, which
over a period of time represents a series of ad hoc measures and unrelated
compromise between the immediate physical needs and the availability of funds.
Thus only about 15% of the total maintenance are remedied. If serious
deterioration are not adequately taken care of future generations will be faced
with a major capital burden.(Amobi 2003).
It is therefore imperative that maintenance
activities should be increased/ intensified in order to ensure that the
nation’s stock of buildings( factors of production and accommodation) which are
considerable investments are used effectively as possible.
1.5 Scope and delimitations
This project work covers the entirety of
maintenance as regards to buildings and infrastructures with requisite effect
it has on the Nigerian nation with reference to shell-camp housing estate,
owerri, Imo state.
From the conception, design, construction and
post construction, the various problems being faced by property developers,
owners, users as regards to maintenance of buildings and infrastructures. Much
emphasis is placed on the infrastructural aspect of maintenance work such as
social and economic infrastructure as well as scope management and its application on the scope of this project.
1.6 Limitation.
Enough effort has been put to exhaust the
scope aforementioned but time and cost constraint relative to the magnitude of
maintenance problems are the major forms of limitations for the total
achievement of the project objective.
1.7 Research questions
This research work
aims to answer these questions
(a)
What is infrastructural and building
maintenance?
(b)
What are the direct effects of lack of maintenance
to buildings and infrastructures?
(c)
Does lack of maintenance affect the economy of
Nigeria as a nation?
(d)
What are the direct causes of poor maintenance
value in Nigeria?
(e)
Does poor maintenance value affect the Nigerian
citizenry? How? And why?
(f)
Is poor maintenance value as a result of
illiteracy, negligence, contractor’s failure
as regards to materials, labour and
supervision failure, design failure or activities of the occupants?
These and many more are some of the questions this research work aims to
satisfy.
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