ABSTRACT
Adsorption is the process of transferring materials from liquid phase to solid phase. In this study, a series of batch laboratory experiments were conducted in order to investigate the feasibility of oil palm trunk fiber (PTF) based inactivated and activated adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals by adsorption process. The influence of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial metal ion concentration and temperature were investigated. The results of were analyzed using langmuir and freundlich isotherm model, freundlich model gave the best fit for Cd (II),Pb (II) and Cr(III) adsorption with regression value R2> 0.9, for both inactivated and activated oil palm trunk fiber adsorbent. The kinetics of the adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu (II) and Cr(III), were studied using Pseudo-first-order and Pseudo-second-order. The surface chemical nature of the inactivated and activated adsorbent were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) which showed functional groups on adsorbent surface.The results showed that palm trunk fiber could be used as an adsorbent for Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu (II) and Cr(III) ions.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
COVER
PAGE i
TITLE
PAGE ii
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
CERTIFICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
TABLE
OF CONTENTS vii
LIST
OF TABLES xi
LIST
OF FIGURES xii
ABSTRACT xiv
CHAPTER ONE
o
Introduction 1
o Statement of the Problem 3
1.3 Justification
of the Study 3
1.4 Aim
and Objectives 4
1.5 Objectives 4
1.6 Scope
of the Study 4
1.7 Significance
of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO
(a) Literature Review 6
2.10 Oil Palm (Elaeis guineesis) 6
2.1.2 Propagation of oil palm tree 7
2.1.3 Industrial uses and application of oil palm trunk 8
2.1.4 Chemical composition of oil palm trunk 8
2.1.5 Metal
uptake ability 10
2.1.6 Heavy
metal pollution 10
2.1.7 Sources
of heavy metal contamination 11
2.1.8 Conventional
techniques for heavy metal removal 12
2.1.9 Adsorption
15
2.2 Types
of adsorption 16
2.2.0 Characteristics
of an adsorption 17
2.2.1 Modification
of adsorbents 19
2.2.2 Mechanism
of adsorption 20
2.2.3 Ion
exchange 20
2.2.4 Microprecipitation 21
2.2.5 Chelations 22
2.2.6 Complexation
23
2.2.7 Factors
influences binding strength 23
2.2.8 Covalent
binding 24
2.2.9 Ionic
(electrostatic) binding 24
2.3 Hydration
effects 24
2.3.0 Factors
influencing heavy metal adsorption 25
2.3.1 Presence
of anions (ligands) 25
2.3.2 Temperature
effect 26
2.3.3 Biomas
dosage/loading 26
2.3.4 Influence
of pH 27
2.3.5 Time 29
2.3.6 Adsorption
mechanism 29
2.3.7 Adsorption
isotherms 30
2.3.8 Langmur
isotherm 30
2.3.9 Freudlich
isotherms 31
2.4 Sips
isotherm 32
2.4.0 Tempkin
isotherm 33
2.4.1 BET
isotherm 33
2.4.2 Adsorption
kinetics 34
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials
and methods 38
3.1.0 Reagents used 38
3.1.1 Equipments and apparatus 38
3.1.2 Methods 38
3.1.3 Collection and preparation of sample 38
3.1.4 Activation of adsorbent 39
3.1.5 Adsorption study 40
3.1.6 Fourier transform-infra red (ft-ir) 41
3.1.7 Determination
of effect of optimum ph on adsorption 41
3.1.8 Determination
of effect of contact time on adsorption 42
3.1.9 Determination
of effect of adsorbent dose on adsorption 42
3.2 Determination
of effect of temperature on adsorption 42
3.2.0 Determination
of effect of initial metal ion concentration on adsorption 43
3.2.1 Adsorption
isotherms 43
3.2.2 Kinetic
study 44
3.2.3 Pseudo
first order-langergren model 44
3.2.4 Pseudo-second
order model 45
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and discussion 46
4.1
Forrier transform infra red (ir) study 46
4.2 Effect of contact time on adsorption 60
4.3 Effect of ph on adsorption 63
4.4
Effect of adsorbent dose 67
4.5 Effect of temperature 71
4.6
Effect of initial metal ion concentration 75
4.7
Equilibrium isotherm parameters 78
4.8
Kinetic parameters 86
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
Conclusion and recommendation 94
5.2
Conclusion 94
5.3
Recommendations 96
REFERENCES 97
Appendix
A 106
Appendix
B 109
Appendix
C 112
Appendix
D 115
Appendix
E 118
LIST OF TABLES
Table:
2.0 Chemical Compositions of Different Parts
in Oil Palm Tree 8
Table 4.1: The FT – IR Spectra characteristics of activated palm trunk fibre before
and after adsorption of Cd(II),Pb(II),Cr(II) and Cu(II). 53
Table: 4.2:
Isotherm parameters table for Adsorption of Cd (II), Cu (II), Pb (II) and Cr
(III) using inactivatedoil palm trunk adsorbent. 84
Table: 4.3:
Isotherm parameters table for Adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III)
using activated oil palm trunk
adsorbent. 85
Table 4.4:
Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III)
using oil palm trunk fiber inactivated adsorbent . 88
Table 4.5:
Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III)
using oil palm trunk fiber activated adsorbent. 89
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.
3.0: Palm Trunk Fiber sample (PTF) adsorbent. 39
Fig.4.1:
FT-IR spectra of inactivated Palm trunk fibre before metal adsorption. 48
Fig.4.2:
FT-IR spectra of inactivated Palm trunk fibre after metal adsorption Pb
(II). 49
Fig.4.3:
FT-IR spectra of inactivated palm trunk fibre after metal adsorption Cd
(II). 50
Fig.4.4:
FT-IR spectra of inactivated palm trunk fibre after metal adsorption Cr
(III) 51
Fig.4.5:
FT-IR spectra of inactivated Palm trunk fibre after metal adsorption Cu
(II) 52
Fig.4.6:
FT-IR spectra of activated palm trunk fibre before metal adsorption.
54
Fig.4.7:
FT-IR spectra of activated palm trunk fibre after metal adsorption Pb (II). 55
Fig.4.8:
FT-IR spectra of activated palm trunk fibre after metal adsorption Cd
(II). 56
Fig.4.9: FT-IR spectra of
activated palm trunk fibre after metal adsorption Cr (III). 57
Fig.4.10: FT-IR spectra of activated palm trunk fiber
after metal adsorption Cu (II) 58
Fig.
4.11: Effect of contact Time graph for the adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu
(II) and Cr (III) using inactivated palm trunk fiber adsorbent. 61
Fig. 4.12:
Percentage of metal ion adsorbed vs. contact time for the adsorption of Cd Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu(II) and
Cr(III) by activated palm trunk fiber adsorbent 62
Fig. 4.13: Effect of pH graph for the adsorption of Cd
(II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (III) metal ion using inactivated palm trunk
fiber adsorbent. 65
Fig. 4.14: Effect of pH graph for the
adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (III) metal ions using activated
palm trunk fiber adsorbent. 66
Fig. 4.15: Effect of dose graph for the adsorption of
Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (II) using inactivated palm trunk fiber
adsorbent. 69
Fig. 4.16:
Effect of dose graph for the adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr
(II) using activated palm trunk fiber adsorbent. 70
Fig. 4.17: Effect of temperature plot for the
adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (II) using inactivated palm
trunk fiber adsorbent. 73
Fig. 4.18: Effect of temperature plot for
the adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (II) using activated palm
trunk fiber adsorbent 74
Fig. 4.19: Effect of initial metal ion concentration
on the adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (III) graph using
inactivated palm trunk fiber adsorbent. 76
Fig. 4.20: Effect of initial metal ion
concentration on the adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (III) graph
using activated palm trunk fiber adsorbent. 77
Fig. 4.21: Freundlich isotherm plot for the adsorption
of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu (II) and Cr(III) using inactivated palm trunk fiber
adsorbent. 80
Fig. 4.22: Langmuir isotherm plot for the adsorption
of Cd (II), Pb(II), Cu (II) and Cr (III) using inactivated palm trunk fiber
adsorbent. 81
Fig. 4.23: Freundlich isotherm plot for the adsorption
of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu (II) and Cr(III) using activated palm trunk fiber
adsorbent. 82
Fig. 4.24: Langmuir isotherm plot for the adsorption
of Cd (II), Pb(II), Cu (II) and Cr (III) using activated palm trunk fiber
adsorbent. 83
Fig. 4.25: Pseudo-first order plot for the adsorption
of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (III) using inactivated palm trunk fiber
adsorbent 90
Fig. 4.26:
Pseudo-first order plot for the adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr
(III) using activated palm trunk fiber adsorbent 91
Fig. 4.27: Pseudo-second order plot for the adsorption
of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (III) adsorption on inactivated palm trunk
fiber adsorbent. 92
Fig. 4.28: Pseudo-second order plot for the
adsorption of Cd (II), Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cr (III) adsorption on activated
palm trunk fiber adsorbent. 93
CHAPTER 1
1.1INTRODUCTION
Adsorption process uses physical method in
its treatment. (Karger et al.,
1973).In this technique, adsorbate molecules accumulate on the top of the
sorbent material. Sorption process is a powerful and efficient technique in
taking up of metals ions in aqueous medium. These metal ions in the environment
have adverse effect ranging from damages to habitats and adverse
health challenges (Karger et al.,
1973). Most of the heavy metals are soluble in aqueous medium leading to the
formation of ions in aqueous solution which makes physical separation of the
ions very difficult (Karger et al.,
1973).
The
health risk of heavy metal ingestion is of great concern. Chromium causes
irritation, nausea and vomiting at low concentration or low level of exposure
while kidney, liver, circulating and nerve tissue damages occur at long term
exposure; lead causes damage to nervous, circulatory, blood forming and
reproductive systems; cadmium causes renal dysfunction, hypertension, hepatic
injury, lung damage and equally has teratogenic effects (Hajialigol et al., 2006) while long term exposure
to nickel causes decrease in body weight, heart and liver disease (Hajialigol et al., 2006).
Heavy
metal pollution is a serious global issue, although severity and level of
pollution differ from place to place (Hajialigol et al., 2006). Conventional approaches for removal of these metals
in waste water mainly include precipitation, oxidation – reduction,
evaporation, ionic exchange, electrochemical treatment, membrane separation
techniques (Hajialigol et al., 2006).
The main drawbacks of these methods lie with relatively low treatment
efficiency, complicated operation, high cost and possible secondary pollution
(Hajialigol et al., 2006). Another
powerful technology in heavy metal removal is sorption using activated carbon
for domestic and industrial waste water (Horikoshi et al., 1981). However, due to expensive cost of activated carbon
and its inability/loss to regenaration makes it not widely applied (Bailey et al., 1999). Since 1990’s the
adsorption of heavy metal using low cost agricultural waste absorbents became
imperative (Bailey et al., 1999).
The
search for a relatively and easily available low-cost sorbent material has
channeled research towards recycling material of agricultural origin as an
effective metal ions adsorbent material (Pagnanelli et al., 2001; Sheth and Soni, 2004). Agricultural materials
particularly those containing cellulose show potentials for metals biosorption
capacity (Pagnanelli et al., 2001).
The basic components responsible for their adsorption capacity includes
hemicelluloses, lignin and other components like lipids, proteins, sugars, water and starch which have varying
functional groups that helps in metal complexation and also in the removal of
heavy metals (Baily et al., 1999).
For lignocelluloses containing agricultural adsorbents it is especially the
lignin and acids contained e.g humic acids that are involved in the chemical
bonding of heavy metals during adsorption
Process (Brown et al., 2000; Babel and Kurnaiwan 2002).
1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In the present time, metal ion removal by
industries has been done with activated carbon as adsorbent (Bailey et al., 1999). The high cost of
activated carbon and difficulties associated to activated carbon regeneration
have changed research trend towards looking for alternative low cost adsorbent.
Presently, these are large number of
low-cost availably adsorbents which have been used for heavy metal ion removal
(Babel and Kurniawan, 2002). Irrespective of the numerous available low-cost
adsorbent, the search for the ones that will have high adsorption capacities
continues, making the search still an interesting area for research.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Consequent upon the increased rate of
heavy metal pollution in aqueous medium from industrial activities, the need
arises for a cost effective technique and adsorbent for these metal ion
removal.
The use of low-cost and easily assessed
agricultural waste as adsorbents formed the basis of this research in the
removal of metal ion from aqueous medium. Therefore urgent need in exploring
more agro-based inexpensive adsorbent and its feasibility in metal ion removal
should be studied further.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Aim
is to study the adsorption of heavy metals in aqueous solution using activated
and unactivated palm trunk adsorbent.
1.5 OBJECTIVES
·
To determine the
effectiveness of activated and unactivated palm trunk as heavy metals
adsorbents.
·
To determine the
potentials of activated and unactivated palm trunks as heavy metals adsorbents.
·
To carry out kinetic and
isotherm studies of removal of heavy metals in aqueous solution.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
·
To study
effects of various experimental parameters on adsorption like
Ø Effect
of contact time
Ø Effect
of temperature
Ø Effect
of pH
Ø Effect
of adsorbent dose
Ø Effect
of initial metal ion concentration.
·
Adsorption kinetic study
·
Adsorption isotherm study
·
IR adsorption study.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
result of the research is useful due to the following:
Ø It can
help industries that generate effluents containing metal ions in effective
treatment.
Ø This
research can input useful information on the reuse of plant wastes as effective
agro-wastes dye adsorbent on related industries.
Ø This
study can give contribution to the existing data on aqueous solution metal ion
removal through adsorption mechanism with the palm trunk adsorbent.
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